Moreover, the political unrests in the region have forced many investors, and economic builders to abandon Congo and engage with other African countries like Kenya and Nigeria together with South Africa. The hard economic conditions that are being experienced by Congo together with other nations has its basement from the impacts of the renewed imperialism as practiced by the United States of America and Japan among some other African countries (Olson & Shadle 1991, p
In order to have a working avenue in the field, there was a likelihood of slavery, destruction, and discrimination used by the colonizers. Nonetheless, the period of renewed imperialism affected differently to the African countries (Stanard 2012, p
Jason Thompson, Egyptian Encounters (Univ of Cairo Press, 2002), 90-96. Jeffrey Bell, Industrialization and Imperialism (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), 43
Far more common was the representation of Algerian Arabs in Paul Camus' L'Etranger, of Africans and Africa in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, of India and Indian's in Rudyard Kipling's Kim that represented stereotypes denoting European superiority. As long back as Aristotle, colonialism was seen as a fact of life: "some people are naturally free, others naturally slaves, for whom slavery is both just and beneficial "(Aristotle 9
M. Forster's A Passage to India criticized English snobbery and condescension towards the Indian natives and Bartolome de Las Casas condemned the greed and cruelty of the Spanish conquerors (Bartolome de Las Casas, 1550)
Each conquering individual and nation not only excused their acts but also promoted them as profitable to mankind. In fact, as late as 1990, McKinley pronounced that "The American flag has not been planted in foreign soil to acquire more territory but for humanity's sake" (Spivak et al
The Senator stated that "our largest trade must be with Asia… The Philippines give us a base at the door of all the East." (Beveridge) Increased trade with Asia had been an American dream since the early days of the Republic, and had been advanced greatly by the 1852 visit of Commodore Perry to Japan
In today's modern world, the effects of colonialism can still be traced in many formerly conquered nations. A reported 85% of the globe was once under European power by the twentieth century, (Bahri 1)
Within the context of literature, one can also see the representation of the conquered echoed throughout both Western and Eastern fiction. In many cases, postcolonial authors adopt a style of imposed adoption, where they are separated from their true lineage, and thus don't feel quite at home within their adopted home, "The postcolonial legacy of adoption has been rarely acknowledged yet is often a major component in the negotiation o public and private life, where the operations of imperious state authority have structured the seemingly private realm of the family," (McLeod 45)
In fact, the most common form of oppression seen in the modern context is that of economic exploitation. Within a globalized economy, the business powers within the Western world still continue to use third world nations as a cheap production methods and raw material sources, where "blurred boundaries in which virtual reality and free markets transcend the space of the idea of sovereignty," (McCormack 100)
Yet, the culture which one was brought up in can the hinder the development into an individual devoid of localized prejudices. In many cases, "Culture is perceived in this way may become a protective enclosure," (Said Culture and Imperialism xiv)
Yet, the culture which one was brought up in can the hinder the development into an individual devoid of localized prejudices. In many cases, "Culture is perceived in this way may become a protective enclosure," (Said Culture and Imperialism xiv)
After several Imperial edicts, the first in 1729, failed to stop the importation of opium into China, the Chinese acted. (Beeching, 1975) What began as a conflict over opium, expanded into a battle for the independence of China, and the Chinese lost
(Sansom, 1963) The Japanese then evicted all foreigners from their shores, with the exception of a small Dutch outpost and two vessels per year who were allowed to visit the port of Nagasaki. (Busch, 1972) By the time the Westerners finally decided to force Japan to open it's ports for trade, they were well versed in using their advanced military technology to intimidate and even force less advanced nations to their will
The Indian people rebelled in 1857 and the British government was forced to assume direct control in 1859. (Danielou, 2003) Under the leadership of the British government, India was transformed into a colony of the British Empire, a place to be exploited for raw materials and a market for British goods
After several uprisings, the Chinese government to finally reacted to the foreigner's influence by undertaking a modernization movement, termed the "Self-Strengthening Movement" aimed at bringing China into the industrial age. However, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 as well as another uprising in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion (Dugdale-Pointon, 2004), displayed the failure of the Chinese "Self Strengthening Movement;" precipitating a second wave of humiliating concessions which all but brought the last Imperial Chinese dynasty to it's end
"Contact was maintained through a selected group of merchants known as the Cohong…who were answerable to the imperial superintendent of commerce for the region, known as the Hoppo." (Gelber, 2007) By limiting contact between the foreigners and the Chinese population at large, the Chinese government hoped to limit the influence of Western technology and ideas
In fact, the father of Indian nationalism, Gandhi, "…threw himself into preaching the gospel of cotton spinning to the peasantry." (James, 1998) Industry became a tactic of opposition to British rule, and in 1947 Britain granted Indian Independence
There were some in Japan who saw this and wanted to modernize their country along the lines of the west, they felt that "…only by possessing the ability to join the great powers in demands for rights and privileges in Asia." (Mayo, 1973) However, due to the power of the traditionalists, who balked at the idea of changing Japan, it took until 1867 before a group of samurai staged a successful coup to end the more than two centuries of Tokugawa rule and restored the Emperor
After the war the Japanese began to rebuild their industrial base, and by 1970 had "…emerged as the third largest industrial nation in the world." (Matray, 2001) As the world enters the 21st century all three nations: India, China, and Japan have successfully become global economic powers