In addition, the causes, symptoms and treatment of hypoglycemia will be reviewed including when to contact their health care provider (Foster, 2010). Clinical Expertise and Patient Preferences- Clinical expertise is a basis of the project in several ways: basis for research plan, expectation of intervention (hypothesis testing), clinical factors in laboratory analysis, preparation and dissemination of implementation plans, counseling efforts: Basis for research plan -- Evidence-based research was the informational foundation of the study of specific interventions into type-2 diabetes management (Evans, 2010) Expectation of Intervention -- Protocols show that a tri-part effort to manage type-2 diabetes is more effective
Participants will be counseled on strategies to prevent hypoglycemia and will be given a blood glucose meter and strips and instructed to measure their blood glucose at least two times per day while participating in the study. In addition, the causes, symptoms and treatment of hypoglycemia will be reviewed including when to contact their health care provider (Foster, 2010)
Clinical Expertise and Patient Preferences- Clinical expertise is a basis of the project in several ways: basis for research plan, expectation of intervention (hypothesis testing), clinical factors in laboratory analysis, preparation and dissemination of implementation plans, counseling efforts: Basis for research plan -- Evidence-based research was the informational foundation of the study of specific interventions into type-2 diabetes management (Evans, 2010) Expectation of Intervention -- Protocols show that a tri-part effort to manage type-2 diabetes is more effective. Utilizing diet and exercise alone are effective, but most patients seem to respond better to a coaching and support mechanism that helps them through their initial questions, frustrations, and reluctance to drastic lifestyle change (Griffin, Simmons, & Williams, 2011)
Initially, the condition is managed by increasing the exercise load for the client and changing their diet. However, at times the condition remains rather unresponsive and more aggressive action may be needed (Kumar, 2005, 1194-5)
Clinical Factors in Laboratory Analysis -- Monitoring and clinical expertise in any intervention program is vital for the overall reliability of the data set. In conjunction with recommendations from clinical works and the American Diabetes Association, basic clinical measurement factors Preparation and Dissemination of Implementation Plans -- Suitable physical activities and exercise has been established to be effective in the management of type-2 diabetes programs; types of included exercise (low-intensity, longer duration) are the most suitable (Polikandrioti & Dokoutsidou, 2009)
The overall effect was to reduce the magnitude of postprandial blood glucose excursions. Postprandial insulin secretion by pancreatic islet ?-cells is stimulated by carbohydrate absorption through the gut, but protein (Nuttall, Mooradian, Gannon, Billington, & Krezowski, 1984) and fat (Andrikopoulos, 2010) consumption also stimulates insulin secretion
The overall effect was to reduce the magnitude of postprandial blood glucose excursions. Postprandial insulin secretion by pancreatic islet ?-cells is stimulated by carbohydrate absorption through the gut, but protein (Nuttall, Mooradian, Gannon, Billington, & Krezowski, 1984) and fat (Andrikopoulos, 2010) consumption also stimulates insulin secretion
In light of these findings, the patient's concern seems warranted. Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients are typically advised to try controlling blood glucose levels through lifestyle changes (Owens, 2013)
Research has shown that even minor improvements in BMI, from 5 to 10%, will significantly lower HbA1c levels. If lifestyle changes are not sufficient to maintain HbA1c levels below 7%, then oral anti-hyperglycemic medications (OEMs) are typically prescribed (Robbins et al
Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients are typically advised to try controlling blood glucose levels through lifestyle changes (Owens, 2013). These changes can include regular exercise, if the patient is physically capable, and a high-fiber, low-fat diet (Seggelke, S
& #8230;in diabetes, patients deliver over 95 per cent of their own care. (Clark, 2004, p
ix) Diabetes like many other chronic diseases will increasingly demand the attention of the medical community and the community at large as the disease grows in prevalence and incidence, in many ways due almost entirely too so called lifestyle choices that high risk individuals make that increase the odds of occurrence (the most important being overeating and obesity). (Silink, Kida & Rosenbloom, 2003, p
Diabetes Concept Concept Map: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pathology Aetilogy Pathophysiology Pathogenesis Risk Factors: Weight, Race, Inactivity, Family history, Fat distribution, Age Prevention: Execrise, Eating habits, Regular checkups Diagnosis: Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test Random or fasting blood sugar test Oral glucose tolerance test Structural Changes: Potential brain structure changes Myocardial degradation Circulation changes Possible amputation Pancreatic changes Signs and Symptoms: Increased thrist, Frequent urination, Increased hunger, Weight loss, Fatigue, Blurred vision, Frequent infections, Sores/slow healing, Darker skin Prognosis: If untreated: Heart disease, Stroke, Kidney disease, Dialysis, Blindness, Amputation Treatment Blood sugar monitoring, Exercise, Healthy eating habits, Possible medications / insulin therapy Functional Chnages: Chnages to kidney function, Changes to pancreas function, Pancreatic Changes There are some pancreatic changes that have been associated with the onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, especially the progressive failure of pancreatic beta-cells apparently as a response to insulin resistance and leading to under-production and a loss of pancreatic function (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008; Serrano, 2009)
Again, this is not always a result of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and pancreatic degradation is more commonly associated with the onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, however if Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus progresses far enough the pancreatic degradation will result in similar consequences and insulin therapy might eventually be required (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008; Levene & Donnelly, 2011). As with any disease brought about by and/or causing tissue degradation without a foreign agent's presence, allowing progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus will increase the degradation of pancreatic tissue and continue to exacerbate the disease (Levene & Donnelly, 2011)
Diabetes Mellitus According to the World Diabetes Foundation, diabetes mellitus is considered to be the fastest growing chronic condition in the world (Chorbev et al
Ethical concerns regarding this public health model involve ways of effectively engaging individuals in their own primary healthcare process, especially regarding lifestyle modifications. Research has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in diabetes prevention and treatment programs that are based in lifestyle intervention, although participation in these sorts of programs tends to be quite low (van Gils et al
(2001) examined the pregnancy outcomes for women with high risk pregnancies, including diabetes, after receiving prenatal care from a nurse specialist in their homes in the form of counseling and unlimited telephone availability. Results of the study indicated that women in the intervention group that received care from nurses demonstrated lower fetal and infant mortality, fewer preterm births, fewer hospitalizations during pregnancy, as well as fewer rehospitalizations for infants in comparison to women who did not receive the intervention (Brooten et al
The effectiveness of the program was assessed by measuring the knowledge and attitudes of the girls with regard to diabetes, pregnancy, and the preconception counseling itself immediately after the program and nine months later. Results of this study indicated that the knowledge and positive behaviors associated with preconception were significantly sustained after nine months, and that the girls receiving the counseling were more likely to initiate reproductive health discussions (Fischl et al
(1999) investigated the difference in pregnancy outcomes between women receiving preconception care and women receiving only prenatal care. Results of the studies indicated that women receiving preconception care were better able to be monitored in the early gestational period, which led to glycosylated hemoglobin levels that were significantly lower than women in the prenatal care group (Herman et al
(2007) determined that simple counseling alone may not be effective enough in the promotion of healthy post-partum behaviors in women with gestational diabetes. In particular, recall of discussions with health care providers regarding risks associated with diabetes and pregnancy as well as lifestyle modifications did not prove to be significantly effective in achieving improvements in diet or exercise among women with gestational diabetes (Kim et al