These findings reveal a lack of consensus on screening strategies in some countries. The use of reagent test strips to detect glycosuria when screening for GDM is a common practice in many countries, even the United States (Alto 2005)
A Quality Rating Scale (QRS) will be created to evaluate the quality of the study in a number of ways. The QRS will be adapted from a published QRS (Churchill et al
A recent systematic review estimated the global prevalence of hyperglycemia during pregnancy to be 14.8% (Guariguata et al
0 units/kg/d, divided evenly between several administrations during the day. GDM Screening in Practice OGTT, in its various forms, is the most widely-recognized laboratory screening method for GDM (Hanna et al
The objective of this systematic review will therefore be the evaluation of the research literature that will answer the following question: "Which GDM screening methods and protocols are the most cost-effective for a given population?" Only two patients groups will be considered here and these are low- and high-risk women for GDM who do not have undiagnosed diabetes. The problem being addressed through the PICO question format is as follows: P = gestational diabetes I = gestational diabetes screening methods C = cost comparison between the GDM screening methods and protocols O = the most cost-effective screening method for a given patient population: low- or high-risk Literature Search Strategy The systematic review will adhere as much as possible to the guidelines published by the Cochrane Collaboration (Higgins 2011)
1% between 46 and 60-years of age. GDM Etiology and Risk Factors Hyperplasia of the pancreatic ?-cells leads to increased insulin production, which is fortunate because pregnancy causes increased insulin resistance after a short period of increased insulin sensitivity (Prutsky et al
Preventive Services Task Force (2008), and the American Diabetes Association (2013) are just a few agencies and organizations who have weighed in on this topic. Elsewhere, the Cochrane Systematic Reviews (Tieu et al
When insulin production is insufficient to control blood glucose levels, however, GDM develops. There are a number of GDM risk factors that have been identified, including non-European ancestry, overweight, obesity, age, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, fertility problems, and a family history of diabetes (Zhang et al
2 Problem Statement Within this dissertation, the purpose is show that there strategies that can be implemented by a practice to promote patient empowerment and self-management, which involve creating patient-centered practices and providing active, ongoing self-management support. This is accomplished through a team approach to care (Funnell and Anderson 2004)
Socially supportive environments were presented as pattern interpersonal relationships mediated through shared values and sentiments as well as facilitate the performance of social roles through which needs are met. In summation, social support has been defined as an intervening factor tied directly to the coping process (Pearson, 1986)
Those who feel supported by counselors, parents, or peers exhibit healthier coping mechanisms and maintain a more positive outlook about their future. In contrast, patients who lack social support and experience isolation may behave in self-injurious ways (Rutter 2004)
This is in part due to diversity in the community, as some genetic groups are at higher risk for diabetes mellitus, this includes Latinos, Asians, African-Americans and Pacific Islanders, though the genetic predisposition is a narrowing concern as the proportions of the disease are more likely to follow the predisposition for overweight and obesity, a situation that leaves no genetic group unburdened in this culture of high fat, high sugar and low levels of physical activity. (Clark, 2004, p
These include long-range worries about heredity and childrearing as well as immediate concerns about the pregnancy itself. (Edelwich & Brodsky, 1998, p
If such a test shows increased blood glucose upon fasting diabetes should be assumed and treated. (Feinbloom, 2000, p
The result is frequent uncontrolled high glucose levels in the blood, causing a myriad of complications and concerns, not the least of which is death. (Leung, Kamla, Lee & Mak, 2007, p
One of the gravest concerns, with regard to diabetes is the number of people living with the disease who are unaware that they have it and as the age of onset continues to decline these people are much more likely to be within child bearing ages. (Lewis, 2001, p
4) Women with diabetes are at a much greater risk of complications in pregnancy and the fact that many may not be aware of the condition these concerns may become seriously compromising to the individual and the unborn child. (Mansfield, 1986, p
The results for the population showed an increase in Type 1 diabetes, while Type 2 remained constant. The effects of different substances on the development of the disease was shown, though more research is needed to determine the precise contribution of each and how to overcome the problem (Schiel et al
Because of this, the researchers recommended periodic screening for dyslipidemia in all Ethiopian patients with diabetes. They also suggested the need for other studies to assess the potential negative effect of dyslipidemia and obesity on morbidity and mortality in Ethiopians with diabetes (Siraj et al
Drug therapy is needed for children who cannot achieve satisfactory glycemic control through physical activity and diet alone. The primary reasons for the increase in diabetes among children are a sedentary lifestyle and a high calorie diet (Vivian 297-306)