9). Although the relationship between youth crime and a social welfare state is well documented, the precise relationship between population size and local juvenile crime rates remains less clear (Carcach & Huntley, 2002)
Table 1 Timeline of proposed research and study conclusion ACTIVITIES/TASKS TIME (MONTHS) (2013-2014) Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 1 Bibliographic Searches X X 2 Photocopy info from non-bibliographic sources X X 3 Reading X X X 4 Submission of study proposal X 5 Fine tune research question and methodology X X 8 Data collection X X X X 9 Data analysis X X X X 10 Writing up of study X X 11 Revision, editing and submission X 12 Submission of study X X Literature Review The research concerning the relationship between youthful offenders and their socioeconomic background has a fairly lengthy history, beginning in the late 19th century and becoming more intensified thereafter. Much of this research has regarded the problem of juvenile delinquency as being multifaceted, of course, but there is a general consensus that a lack of social services resources and a dearth of meaningful educational employment opportunities have contributed to the problem which are the responsibilities of the government (Ellis, 2011)
With many teachers in America struggling to make it from paycheck to paycheck, the results of these misguided economic priorities have included many teachers searching for greener career fields elsewhere and many children being left behind despite the mandates of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 (Allen, 2007). Federal mandates for social programs for housing, Social Security, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Medicaid, food stamps, and Supplemental Security Income programs together with state and local initiatives for women, children and infants (WIC) have all been cited as characteristic of a social welfare state with the intended outcome being reduced poverty and improved social and employment opportunities that will reduce the need for young people to resort to crime in the first place (Flammang, 1997)
In reality, though, the focus on youths at risk of becoming involved with the law enforcement community is relatively recent in origin. For example, the publication of the National Commission on Excellence in Education's 1983 study, A Nation at Risk, caused educators and governmental policymakers to attempt to identify the country's at-risk youth populations for the first time in an effort to reverse the tide of declining test scores and growing dropout rates that were the major antecedents to success later in life (Fusick & Bordeau, 2009)
60). What is known for certain is that there are some approaches that have been identified as being effective in at least mitigating the impact of poverty on juvenile crime (Hornel et al
386). Likewise, other researchers have examined the relationship between poverty and juvenile crime through literature reviews (Barton & Watkins, 1997), case studies (Bogenschneider & Gross, 2004) and longitudinal studies (Mann & Reynolds, 2006)
The majority of the programs that have proven successful to date have all emphasized the family component and have included parental training as part of their interventions (Bogenschneider & Gross, 2004). Finally, a seminal study by Shaw and McKay (1942) employed one square mile sections of Chicago to investigate the relationship between poverty and juvenile crime, and other researchers have since used this method for other geographic units, including wards, police precincts, and census tracts (Ouimet, 2000)
127). These perplexing outcomes fly directly in the face of common sense, but these unintended and unexpected outcomes have nevertheless continued to adversely affect the poor despite governmental efforts at all levels to reduce poverty and the conditions that contribute to it (Weatherburn & Lind, 2000)
The author writes that his purpose in writing the book was to help readers find their sense of vocation. He writes, "It is my hope that the chapters in this book, all of which were initially presented at the Callings Conference, will help the reader better understand his or her sense of vocation as well" (Miller xv)
They write, "In many discussions and activities revolving around better understanding and helping teenagers, one aspect of their lives seems frequently to go unnoticed, unconsidered, unexamined. That is their religious and spiritual lives" (Smith, and Denton 4)
Many of the ideas and methods the authors provide aren't new, but they illustrate how these ministries work and who they serve, which is an important aspect of the book. They write, "In a two-step invitational strategy, the social ministry brings beneficiaries into the physical or relational space of the congregation, where they can be encouraged to attend other church services at which a gospel message is presented" (Unruh, and Sider 140)
Durkheim made it a point to recognize that in addition to the fact that any observable behavior in adults almost certainly has at least some root in what happened to those adults when they were children. There is a chance that the person's childhood is not extensively relevant, but it at least plays some part of explaining a person's actions and reactions to events experienced later in life (Prus, 2011)
This is why social work studies have commented on the problem of suicide among the aboriginals in Canada. Suicide is a social problem, which makes social work profession relevant in providing working interventions, either through counseling, education or culturally-based strategies (Baskin, 2011)
In addition, it is vital to appreciate the people by keeping their culture strong, allow them to live on their ancestral lands, engage them in community empowerment, and allow them to practice their traditional laws will be working decolonization strategies (Thira, 2014). Then again, allowing the aboriginal people to maintain their culture is essential and can work in reducing suicidal rates (Blackstock, 2009)
This is because the aboriginal people are in a position to tell what they feel is good for them, and this is an important decolonization strategy. In comparison to the past, where the aboriginal people did not have such a chance, this can instill positive attitudes concerning the efforts of the social workers in solving some of the problems (Hart, Sinclair, & Bruyere, 2009)
Therefore, in an attempt to reduce the social problems they faced, the aboriginal people taken part in habits such as alcoholism, violence, and suicide. The aboriginal youth remain the most affected, mainly because of the development of suicidal thoughts, which have driven them to commit suicide (Kirmayer, & Valaskakis, 2009)
The males' aboriginal people are more affected than the females, but the females attempt suicide more often than the males. Although the statistics exist, there is still little information concerning aboriginal suicide, its causes and working interventions (LeMaster et
Therefore, using the risk factors it will be possible to develop an effective suicide prevention approach. Some of the risk factors include alcohol use, social isolation, male gender, violence victimization and perpetration (May et al
Therefore, any intervention should aim at changing the youth's perception of suicide. Research suggests that the socio-economic status of the people plays a contributory role in the high incidences of suicide (Mignone, 2005)
This is a decolonization strategy, which will give them a chance to air their views on the problem of suicide. In addition, it is vital to appreciate the people by keeping their culture strong, allow them to live on their ancestral lands, engage them in community empowerment, and allow them to practice their traditional laws will be working decolonization strategies (Thira, 2014)