Other negative impacts of urbanization and foreign aid are reflected in the procuring of South Africa's resources to foreigners. For instance, many of the companies that have invested in South Africa's lucrative gold mining industry are foreign based -- meaning that South Africans labor to reap a product which the country and its native South African countrymen barely benefits from (Stoddard, 2013)
Thus there has been growth without planning. (Banfield; Grodzins, 30) The urbanization also brings with it other issues like the public services needed or for the suburban developments
Thus the need for schools, hospitals, sewers, water disposal and drinking water and many other facilities like transport and other infrastructure that have to be provided are usually public services that is created by a government authority or as an extension of the metropolitan authority. (Clawson, 141) Case of Chicago: In Chicago, the changes and urbanization has historical, demographic and ethnic consequences, and are historically the result of these forces
Thus while the metro is where the business and work is, the commuting and 'living away ' from the city essentially made it necessary to extend the facility of the metropolis to the suburbs. (Fellmann; Getis; Getis, 396) The process thus became interdependent and suburbs grew with the area that was in proximity to it-industries created industrial suburbs, and so on
Modern scholars identify three types of suburban growth- One the residential suburbs created by the rich and the second the industrial suburbs and the third, the development of 'unincorporated districts at the urban fringe.' (Harris; Larkham, 91) One important factor that shows proper development and planning is the way the land use criterion is seen in development
While the population and its composition have an effect on the process of growth, the way the growth occurred had a deep impact on the population. (Koval; Bennett; Bennett; Demissie; Garner; Kim, 56) A research by Massey and Denton analyzed the trend in the link between suburbanization and the ethnic communities, like African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians for a period from 1970 to 1980 and for fifty nine U
In most cases the African-Americans tried to segregate within the cities and the other population moved to the suburbs creating the statement -- 'chocolate cities and vanilla suburbs'. (Massey; Denton, 595) This can be seen clearly in Chicago
Likewise, the shifting of large families away from these 'ghettos' caused by the unrestricted and unplanned expansion also resulted in social fragmentations. (Peterson, 162) Thus the rate of suburbanization for the African-American community has been slow in Chicago which like Detroit has a similar growth pattern shows that urbanization for African-Americans have been slow and underachieved
(Peterson, 162) Thus the rate of suburbanization for the African-American community has been slow in Chicago which like Detroit has a similar growth pattern shows that urbanization for African-Americans have been slow and underachieved. (Rose, 19) Therefore taking it as a model, there is a need to avoid these anomalies in other cities that may grow into a metropolis
Due to the housing market crash, many people can not sell their homes.(Burns 26 October 2009)
Formerly made up of "White flight" refugees such as Slavic Poles and Ukrainians, the suburb is now heavily Hispanic. Also, rural areas were swallowed into the city due to "urban sprawl (Gupta 2004, 6)
("Immigration and Chicago's Growth" May 5, 2006) . Chicago is definitely the magnet for this and much of this is economic, as a good majority of the immigrants are from Mexico, although there is a growing Arab minority due to issues in the Middle East, especially since the 1970s (Hanania 2005, 11)
Also, poor sewage and water systems that are decades old are being merely patched when major infrastructural overhaul and construction is necessary to keep the quality of life in the city at a high level. Unfortunately, many of these problems are the worst in immigrant areas because many of them are new, do not speak English well and are therefore not able to demand their fair share of government and private sector services (Hewings et al
In many ways, Chicago is handling its immigration issues the way it has always has: in a mixed fashion. Unfortunately, local businesses frequently take advantage of illegals by exploiting them for low pay and taking advantage of them in employment situations (especially in the case of injury and worker's compensation) due to the immigrant's illegal status ((Jones et al
2%. This population decrease was augmented by middle-class black families that have moved to the suburbs as have many other demographic groups (McCormick Feb
In terms of effecting strategies for the conservation of streams and rivers in King County, a number of studies and policy papers illustrate the avenues available to the County. Booth, Hartley and Jackson (2002) note in their study of the relationship between forest cover, impervious-surface area and the mitigation of stormwater impacts in King County that there are a number of factors that play in part in the degradation of aquatic systems in the area and that "costly structure retrofits of urbanized watersheds" can actually add to the problem of degradation rather than solve it: for example, such retrofittings "cannot restore the predevelopment flow regime or habitat conditions" that existed prior to urbanization; the "widespread conversion of forest to pasture or grass in rural areas" actually leads to more degradation of aquatic systems "even when watershed imperviousness remains low" (Booth, Hartley, Jackson, 2002, p
In terms of effecting strategies for the conservation of streams and rivers in King County, a number of studies and policy papers illustrate the avenues available to the County. Booth, Hartley and Jackson (2002) note in their study of the relationship between forest cover, impervious-surface area and the mitigation of stormwater impacts in King County that there are a number of factors that play in part in the degradation of aquatic systems in the area and that "costly structure retrofits of urbanized watersheds" can actually add to the problem of degradation rather than solve it: for example, such retrofittings "cannot restore the predevelopment flow regime or habitat conditions" that existed prior to urbanization; the "widespread conversion of forest to pasture or grass in rural areas" actually leads to more degradation of aquatic systems "even when watershed imperviousness remains low" (Booth, Hartley, Jackson, 2002, p
In terms of effecting strategies for the conservation of streams and rivers in King County, a number of studies and policy papers illustrate the avenues available to the County. Booth, Hartley and Jackson (2002) note in their study of the relationship between forest cover, impervious-surface area and the mitigation of stormwater impacts in King County that there are a number of factors that play in part in the degradation of aquatic systems in the area and that "costly structure retrofits of urbanized watersheds" can actually add to the problem of degradation rather than solve it: for example, such retrofittings "cannot restore the predevelopment flow regime or habitat conditions" that existed prior to urbanization; the "widespread conversion of forest to pasture or grass in rural areas" actually leads to more degradation of aquatic systems "even when watershed imperviousness remains low" (Booth, Hartley, Jackson, 2002, p
gov site indicates that its optimistic reading on salmon level increases (as a result of conservation strategies implemented in recent years) in some parts of the state and its pessimistic reading (showed by a decreasing levels of steelhead and chinook in the Puget sound) is "a nonstatistical evaluation of adult abundance trends for wild fish and is based on data provided by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, tribes, and regional recovery organizations" -- in other words, it is all based on perception (Are Wild Salmon Increasing in Numbers?, 2014). While convincing evidence of correlation between urbanization and stream degradation is evident in numerous studies over the past decades, correlation does not, however, indicate causation (Cohen, Cohen, West, Aiken, 2013)
The majority of the studies indicate that the physiological aspect of streams and rivers has changed over the course of time and that this change begins to be observed by academics beginning in the 1970s, with both king and steelhead salmon populations being placed on the threatened list of species, according to King County censuses. A major common theme to all of them was that deforestation and the "conversion of fringe rural resource lands to other uses (primarily suburban development and transportation)" (DeGasperi, 2009, p