2). In fact, more than 90% of adults with current substance abuse disorders started using before the age of 18, with half of those beginning use before the age of 15 (Bachman, Johnston and O'Malley, 2002, p
As no truly beneficial rehabilitative help or solution to the problem can take place without an understanding of the factors that lead to substance abuse, researchers have noted that a clear understanding of the psychological profiles and underlying personality characteristics of addicted individuals must be pinpointed. Research has found that there are certain individuals who are more prone to initiate and sustain severe drug habits than others, and certain factors such as: psychological, familiar and environmental commonly lead juveniles and adolescents to become dependent on drugs (Ilgen, 2011, p
Other solutions on and individualized basis can stem from that individual's religious affiliation. Religious institutions offer increased opportunities for social support, especially during late adolescence/young adulthood, the period in which so many individuals begin to experiment or subsequently abuse certain substances (Kasen, 2012, p
71). Additionally, on a physiological level, factors such as: weak physical constitution and metabolism, frequent hospitalization, tolerance and previous experiences of withdrawal symptoms are likely to aggravate an individual's need for chemical substances (Norman, 2012, p
1349). On a psychological level, research has found that: environmental and personality stressors such as: low self-esteem, emotional instability, poor mental set, negative peer pressure, early traumatic experiences, inconsistent familial relations and social alienation lead to an increased risk of substance abuse among adolescents (Strang, 2012, p
The transtheoretical model is therefore focused on the change processes that an individual goes through as they become aware of a health issue, attempt to change the behavior(s) causing the health issue, actually change the behavior, and maintain the behavior change. What motivational interviewing can provide is a safe environment within which a person's own desire for health can be explored and reinforced (Barnett, Sussman, Smith, Rohrbach, & Pruijt-Metz, 2012)
In addition, the absence of a control group obviated the need to randomize participants to an intervention and control group. These limitations could potentially undermine the internal validity of the findings due to the effects of history, pretest, instruments, regression towards the mean, maturation, or an interaction between any of these factors (Dimitrov & Rumrill, 2003)
What was not mentioned by Kazemi et al. (2013) is that binge drinking among college women has been increasing at an alarming rate and no improvements have occurred for college men (Grucza, Norberg, & Bierut, 2009)
The hypothesis tested by the researchers is whether the intervention could reduce the prevalence of self-reported high risk behaviors among college freshman at a representative university campus. Motivational interviewing is based on the transtheoretical model for behavior change (Jackson, 2013)
Demographic data was collected at baseline using the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). The study design was approved by the Institutional Review Board for human studies prior to the start of data collection (Kazemi et al
, 2013). One of the articles retrieved from a Medline search described an investigation into whether subjective experiences of alcohol consumption were associated with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) at the end of a birthday party for college students turning 21 (Wetherill & Fromme, 2009)
Additionally, high turnover can negatively impact the conduct of work within centers. Inefficient channels of communication, increased workloads, and a demoralized workforce can all result from high turnover (McNulty et al
In-patient groups will still need to be reminded that ethically they're under the same standards for confidentiality as out-patient groups and that there should be no cross-talk between members. There might seem like less of an obligation to assert this as the group leader, but it's still relevant (Boyd, 2008)
"The group leader is bound by the usual rules of confidentiality in the group as in any other clinical encounter with a patient. With the exception of a threat to a person or persons, this confidentiality holds and is usually elaborated on in the code of ethics of the therapist's professional organization" (Stern et al
Providing clean needles does not necessarily reduce drug use overall, although advocates of the strategy hypothesize that presenting a benign picture of public health authorities might make a user more likely to seek treatment than he or she would otherwise. "Apart from needle/syringe exchange, oral substitution of drugs, medical care and education to prevent HIV / AIDS, a harm reduction program provides a psychological space to drug users that not only acts an emotional support but also enables them to reflect upon their life and risk behavior" (Priya 2005, p
Zurich became the mecca for drug addicts across Europe, who would travel to Needle Park. In 1992, when authorities decided to close Needle Park, the addicts moved to Letten railroad station until its closure in 1995" (Zurich, 2010, USDA)
In fact, the results are mixed regarding a correlation between substance abuse and the ability to obtain stable housing. For the purposes of this review, a definition of 'stable housing' will be defined as "not having lived on the street" versus "living in a shelter or single room occupancy hotel (SRO)" at any time in the past 6 months (Des Jarlais 2007)
Once again, there was an extremely high rate of recidivism for programs for addicts and a notable lack of efficacy, suggesting a need for "dramatically new interventions to reduce injecting risk behavior" given the failure of current programs to result in permanent life changes (Des Jarlais 2007). However, another, smaller study 336 adult women supported the usefulness of providing stable housing for female drug users identified at high risk for engaging in HIV risk behaviors: stable housing was associated with lower-risk behavior, regardless of the specific program in which the women were enrolled (Elifson 2007)
During the meeting the members hold "each other's hands, and lead the membership into a recitation of the Lord's Prayer. Affixed to the Lord's Prayer is an AA ending: 'Keep coming back; it works'" (Alexander & Rollins, 1984, p
S. courts have agreed: in 2007 a federal appeals court ruled that NA "has enough religious overtones that a parolee can't be ordered to attend its meetings as a condition of staying out of prison" (Egelko 2007)