The AM radio uses a frequency which is much below, 10^6 Hz, here the energy level is very low, and hence cannot cause any sort of damage to the human body or to animals. (Moulder and Foster, 1995) Most studies relating to cancer and power lines deal with individuals who live near power lines or who work in electrical occupations
D'Andrea reviewed reports of the behavioral effects of RF radiation and concluded that: "Recent studies have suggested that microwave effects on specific cognitive aspects of behavior such as attention, learning, memory, discrimination, and time perception may occur at SAR levels far below the SARs needed to cause work stoppage." (D'Andrea, 1999) Freude et al
reported that exposure of human volunteers to mobile phone RF radiation might decrease reaction times. (Preece; Iwi, 1999) The press coverage was extensive; but the actual study has no obvious implications for human health since the effect was seen for just one of many tests and it appears to be far too small to have any real functional significance
exposed human volunteers to RF radiation from a GSM phone and found small changes in EEG that "did not indicate any influence on human performance, well-being and health." (Freude, 2000) There are quite a few studies that indicate that the RF rays from mobile phones may cause biochemical, physiological or behavioral damage
The AM radio uses a frequency which is much below, 10^6 Hz, here the energy level is very low, and hence cannot cause any sort of damage to the human body or to animals. (Moulder and Foster, 1995) Most studies relating to cancer and power lines deal with individuals who live near power lines or who work in electrical occupations
Thus, the depletion of the stratospheric protective ozone shield, first noted in the Antarctica 10 years ago, has now spread over the northern hemisphere and the entire globe. The depletion is severe in Antarctica which makes human life vulnerable due to increased ultraviolet penetration into the earth (Leaf, 1993)
There are a number of ways this could occur: delivery through the port system, attacks on transportation facilities, major events (stadiums or arenas), or utility plants. This is particularly worrisome if bacteria or viruses were engineered to be used as weapons that might be engineered to have safer handling, increased virulence, improved ability to target the host, greater difficulty of detection and easier distribution (Johnson, et
Further from the blast results in lower doses of radition, but at even a small bomb, exposure within the first few hours would likely result in some sort of cellular damage from nervous system shut down to cancers, some of which might take years to develop. Any exposure to the human system will have some effect, the more the fallout and proximity, the greater the effect (Levy and Sidel, 2003)
Multi-organ failure, for instance, can be limited based on lowering fevers and inflamatory effects, and those with small amounts of exposure can benefit from transfusions, immune system boosters, and antibiotics. The keys to these issues are to: retain profecient medical personnel who understand treatment of radiological issues; maintaining equipment and supplies that are constantly in readiness; training for responders (medical and non-medical); ensuring quick coordination at the local, state and national level -- even with a potential power outage or power surge; communicating with the public during and after an incident, and dealing with the psychogical impact of the attack (Sutphen, 2006; Levy)
If there was a nuclear attack, however, the scenario would be devastating. Terrorists might use weapons ranging from a 1-kiloton (kT) devise the size of a large backpack to a 10- to 20-kT device similar to what was used on Hiroshima in World War II (Tenforde, et
The first step is risk management from a public health perspective. Basic risk management for any organization encompasses six general parameters" 1) the identification of a risk within the context of the organization or area; 2) Planning some sort of a process to mitigate the situation(s); 3) Mapping, either formally or informally, the scope, objectives, stakeholders, and constraints; 4) Defining a framework for managing the risk(s); 5) Developing a sound analysis of the risks using as many tools as possible; 6) Finding mitigating solutions using all available tools (Wan, 2009; Frenkel, Hommel, & Rudolf, 2005)
S. city -- be it nuclear, biological, or conventional (Wirtz, 2006)
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays quite by accident in 1895. In his laboratory shortly before Christmas, Roentgen noticed a barium platinocyanide screen fluorescing in his laboratory as he generated cathode rays in a Crookes tube some distance away" (Assmus 10)
As technology and understanding has improved, so has the safety of radiology. Another writer notes, "Today, a woman receives one-tenth the dose of radiation that was given just 20 years ago in a typical mammogram, with virtually no risk statistically" (Fishman)
The skin round the roots of these become red, irritable and cracked, and the nails themselves thin and brittle. Most constant workers suffer in this way" (Guy)
Diagnostic radiologists help diagnose a wide variety of diseases and conditions, and often consult with physicians in interpreting the meaning of digital images, while interventional radiologists use radiation to treat patients directly. Diagnostic radiologists seldom interact with patients, while interventional radiologists interact almost exclusively with patients and their families (Stack, Gartland, and Keane)
Accordingly, physicians should be educated in the relative benefit-to-risk analysis of various clinical tools upon which they are relying more and more routinely. Discussion Certain naturally-occurring elements (and manmade compounds) are different from other elements in that they undergo spontaneous decay in a manner moderated by the so-called weak nuclear force (Bleise, Danesi, & Burkart, 2003)
In that nuclear decay process, particles are emitted that, although microscopic in size, move at such great velocities that they are highly energetic, making them capable of passing through organic and inorganic matter (Bleise, Danesi, & Burkart, 2003). Human beings are exposed to myriad sources of benign background radiation other than radiation caused by human activities, but those exposures fall well below the so-called "threshold" amount below which (isolated) radiation exposures are not necessarily detrimental to human health (Brenner & Hall, 2007)
sub-threshold) radiation exposure contributes to long-term disease, notwithstanding the apparent ability of the human body to repair acute cellular damage. Moreover, certain patient populations (such as younger patients and women) appear to be more susceptible, in general to the detrimental health consequences of radiation exposure (Einstein, Henzlova, & Rajagopalan, 2007)
There are principally two mechanisms by which radioactivity causes damage to human beings and other living species: cellular destruction and cellular mutation (Schanz, Schuler, Lorat, Fan, Kaestner, Wennemuth, & Rube, 2012). The former is attributable to the microscopic holes or tunnels carved by radiation particles as they pass into and through the body; the latter is attributable to the spontaneous mutations to which DNA molecules are prone by virtue of bombardment by radioactive particles (Harbron, 2012)