Recent budget cuts in social spending have forced many clinics in inner-cities and low-income neighborhoods to close. Since teens in low-income neighborhoods faced a higher risk of teen pregnancy (Harding 2003), the growing scarcity of community clinics is another factor that increases pregnancy among teenagers
In addition, however, Project Reality also addresses the "cultural influences" that promote teenage sexual activity. These influences include television programs and movies that portray teenage sexual activity as desirable, normal and generally free from consequences (Napier 1999)
Teens could participate in voluntary programs such as tutoring younger children, helping to maintain parks, assisting personnel in clinics and hospitals and working in nursing and retirement homes. Most of the teens participate in the voluntary programs, though others also receive class credit for their services (O'Donnell et al
Participants spend an average of 16 hours per month on the program. During summer months, the participants also have the option of enrolling in paid employment programs and participate in seminars and projects to hone their entrepreneurial skills (Philliber et al
1. Education -- Studies showed that educational status was the greatest factor for achieving awareness on birth preparedness (Ekabua et al
2. Mindfulness Meditation (Benefits) -- a method of imagining pain as something controllable and in reducing stress and anxiety (Hughes, 2009)
B. Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Intrapartum Patients Pharmacological -- (Benefits) Analgesia in childbirth has been shown by scientific investigations to provide pain relief when administered early in labor and without adverse consequence (Landau, 2009)
The pain sensation runs through the pudendal and perinatal nerve pathways of the lower sacral part (ICEA). Intrapartum -- Sources of pain may be emotional, functional or physiological (Limaz, 2010)
(Risk) A 2004 study, however, found that this approach decreased the time of delivery and the overall labor progress (Schrock). This method is commonly used in the second stage of labor (Schibed, 2009)
Ethical Considerations In-vitro fertilization (IVF) and pre-genetic determination are both rather expensive services, and everyone needing or desiring to make use of them may not be able to do so. This elicits tricky questions relating to equity and social justice, as well as whether covering such services is a morally responsible deed when there are extremely scarce social resources available for preventive and life-saving health services (Nelson, 2015)