However, more recent philosophers like Walter T. Stace have presented cases that fuse both seemingly contradictory notions together; thus, maintaining the basic principle than man is in control of his own actions (Stace, 244)
Women perceived events in a different manner than men, and it is therefore likely that the questions asked in this study will elicit different responses from women, than they would elicit from men. One recent article contended that "men tend to view their own aggression as an instrumental act aimed at imposing control, whereas women tend to view theirs as an expressive act resulting from a loss of self-control" (Alexander, Allen, Brooks, 2004, p
136). Carl Jung's theory as described earlier was much like Sigmund Freuds, and interestingly enough, he was initially influenced by Freud's work "Like Freud, Jung grounds ego-consciousness upon an unconscious that is, by definition, unknowable -- a mysterious other within the economy of the psyche that serves to unsettle the Enlightenment's darling, "sovereign" ego, for whom meaning and self-identity are marked by self-presence" (Baumlin, 2005, p
Jung's work on himself and his patients convinced him that life has a spiritual purpose beyond material goals. Our main task, he believed, is to discover and fulfill our deep-innate potential, much as the acorn contains the potential to become the oak, or the caterpillar to become the butterfly"(Crowley, 2000)
Some individuals would probably not even adhere to any of the guidelines being presented by the philosophy, or would shun the thinking altogether. Already, "radical feminists see that there is no space for women's inclusion within most philosophical systems" (Green, 2002, p
Ultimately, phenomenology is the study of a conscious experience and since, according to Stokes, 'consciousness lies outside the laws of physics' the elicited data should be analyzed in a method that understands that concept. The researcher would probably best be called upon to implement the idea that phenomenology almost always considers "the objectifiable reality of things out there that can be counted, narrated, and judged, on the one hand, and, on the other, a complex action in which a series of relationships between subjects, objects, and environments results in an expressive act" (Heine, 2004, p
The study should also provide important information on whether any views are convergent or whether the diversity of participants will equate to a diversity of answers in the study. Ultimately it would be nice for the researcher to also experience a facet of life that Jung truly espoused, and that was that he wished for an experience where "students and teachers are learning all the time" (Holt, 1989)
Phenomenology allows for the consideration of these factors, and it is important to remember that there are earlier influences on each individual as they experience life. One expert writes, "Phenomenology as a way of opening is concerned with pre-understanding (Johnson, 2006, p
Phenomenology seeks to include all experiences from all viewpoints, and therefore, as a methodology all responses should be considered as to their particular veracity when seeking to come to a fair conclusion. This can be done with a conscious choice by the researcher and it should be remembered that in regards to phenomenology "the same object appears differently in various situations or that different things viewed from a single vantage point appear the same is not an unusual but is rather a common fact of our everyday perceptual experience" (Junichi, 2005, p
"Scholars agree that Hegel appears consistently to deny women the ability and the opportunity to achieve what he esteems as the highest expression of human life: self-conscious reason, or the ability to know (oneself as) spirit (Geist). He does so on the basis of their sex" (LaMothe, Kimerer, 2005, p
Phenomenology is among the theories espousing that personal experiences are the reason for living. In a recent book review on the Things Themselves: Phenomenology and the Return to the Everyday the author wrote, "The tale breathtakingly illustrates the truism that we deepen the grasp of our own culture by encountering one that differs from it significantly" (Lawrence, 2007, p
Jung wished to espouse the learning process of phenomenology, the process of 'being' by incorporating those learning experiences that every individual would go through. Jung was concerned with the 'whole being' and thoroughly believed that there were forces that would incorporate the "ego, the shadow, the anima/animus, and the Self in a psychological process" (Moore, 2000, p
. concerned with the thought of Merleau-Ponty's philosophical predecessor, Edmund Husserl, and the consonance between the transcendental aspects of his earlier thought and that of the more idealist schools of classical yoga" (Morley, 2001, p
.when we attempt to translate the discourse of a Buddhist tradition such as Yogacara, which is epistemological in character (and not ontological or metaphysical, as it is often construed to be), the branch of Western philosophy that has the language most applicable to the task is that of phenomenology" (Muller, 2005, p
Intuition can be described as a basis for making decisions in life and one recent article ascribed to the theory that, "One of the most important human skills is our ability to use judgment and make choices, in other words, to make decisions. Both at personal and interpersonal levels, decision-making skill strongly affects quality of life" (Nichols, 2006, p
A finding from a recent study could likely be considered the perfect example of phenomenology and its complementary theories. The study states, "no incentive system based solely on extrinsic rewards can motivate persons properly" (Rosanas, Velilla, 2005, p
Presuppositions are likely different based on the experience(s) of the specific individual, but both presuppositions and prior experiences influence the individual. One recent study showed "prior experiences were influencers to novice nurses; second, connections were central to making meaning through intuition; and third, dimensions of time, space, and touch proved to be significant in facilitating intuition" (Ruth-Sahd, Tisdell, 2007, p
Many feminists espouse the belief that they are "prepared to question and possibly reject the underlying assumptions and values of philosophy." In particular, radical feminists challenge "philosophy's orientation around oneness, unity, or identity -- one truth, one method, one reality, one logic, and so on" (Simons, 1999, p
Phenomenology as a discipline is distinct from but related to other key disciplines in philosophy, such as ontology, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Phenomenology has been practiced in various guises for centuries, but it came into its own in the early 20th century in the works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and others" (Smith, 2005)
Each stage is mediated through a new set of archetypal imperatives which seek fulfillment in action. These may include being parented, initiation, courtship, marriage and preparation for death" (Stevens, 2006)