This programs help in development of culturally significant contexts, in terms of personal incentives and communal support required for African-Americans, since culturally responsive, community related programs might play a tremendous role in managing the incidences of hypertension (Cowart, Biro, Wasserman, Stein, Reider, and Brawn, 2010). Even though present levels of hypertension tends to be high among the African-Americans, introduction of community interventions might assists in reducing the risk factors (Paschal, Lewis, Martin, Shipp, & Simpson, 2006)
This view opposes the view of the biomedical model, which suggests that illness causes by pathogens is preventable by actions such as exercises. This typical reliance on God alone as a higher power, also allows Blacks to feel that there are little or no personal actions that they need to take in order improve life, since life has already been predestined (Parker, 2008)
, 2003). Complications related to hypertension, for example, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal failure, affects more than 40% of African-Americans that are over twenty years and this accounts for approximately 20% of deaths, which doubles the percentage rate for whites suffering from the same condition (Shobha, Cherukuri and Mayo
In addition to paying attention to their sodium intake, individuals with high blood pressure or who are prone to it need to pay attention to their calcium intake. Low calcium intake is linked to high blood pressure (Anderson et al
(2008) claim, "Researchers found that in just eight weeks, people following the DASH diet saw their blood pressure decrease." Paper Technically, "blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body," (Zieve & Eltz 2011)
Although antioxidants have demonstrated no control ability over hypertension, evidence suggesting the connection between oxidative stress and hypertension remains significant (Ward & Croft, 2006). One study found that when rats were given the drug pioglitazone, and subjected to a diet designed to produce obesity, those that were given the drug did not develop hypertension associated with obesity (Dobrian, Shriver, Khraibi & Prewitt, 2004)
Hypertension has a positive association with increased vascular oxidative stress. However, the direction of causation is still a topic of debate (Grossman, 2008)
Stress and Hypertension The Effect of Stress Reduction on Hypertension Chronic hypertension is a key factor in the development of coronary artery disease and other life-threatening conditions including stroke, heart attacks, heart failure, aneurysm, and is a leading cause of renal failure (Guyton & Hall, 2005)
Stress produces a chain reaction neurophysiologic response in the body that has many side effects on a number of systems. Recent research aggress that stress is not a primary cause of hypertension, but it does agree that stress exacerbates the development of hypertension in those that have additional risk factors (Larkin, 2005)
Calcium antagonist treatment using Lercanidipine was found to prevent hyperpolarization in hypertension (Taddei, Virdis, & Ghiadoni, 2003). This effect may be the product of antioxidant activity (Tomlinson, Benzie, & Taddei, 2003)
Calcium channel blockers: Block passage of calcium into cell walls, which hinders constriction of the blood vessels. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Prevent the development of angiotensin, a substance which increases blood volume and restricts blood vessels (Kassem, 2009, p
"Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues" (Rizzo, Odle & Costello, 2006, ¶ 1)
assessing for target organ disease, and 4. determining whether a secondary root exists for the elevation of the person's blood pressure (Sharp, 2006)
This study did find, albeit: "The prevalence of hypertension for Puerto Ricans, as well as for the other Hispanic sub-groups, increased with older age. Men had higher age-adjusted prevalence for hypertension than women" (Vergara, Wang and Banfi, the HANES survey section, ¶ 1)
The most common disabilities among female veterans, in order of prevalence, are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), lower back pain, migraine, and major depression. Of these, anxiety and depression are significant risk factors for high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Everson-Rose and Lewis, 2005)
Both PTSD and major depression are significant risk factors for high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (reviewed by Everson-Rose and Lewis, 2005; Stock and Redberg, 2012). A recent retrospective study revealed that resting blood pressure and heart rate among OEF/OIF male veterans with and without PTSD was significantly higher in veterans with PTSD (Paulus, Argo, and Egge, 2013)
This subgroup will likely place a greater care burden on the VHA in the near future as they continue to age. Physical and Social Environment The Houston area is primarily an urban environment, which experienced rapid growth and industrialization during the latter half of the 20th century (Williams, 2008)
This is similar to what goes on in our blood vessels. (Wood Stephen, M
Hypertension is defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mm HG and diastolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg, self-reported use of antihypertensive medications, or both. (Ostchega, 2005-2006) Hypertension, according to the joint national committee 6 and 7, is classified into the following stages: Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults Aged ? 18 Years: JNC 7 versus JNC JNC 7 Blood Pressure Category JNC 6 Blood Pressure Category SBP (mm Hg) and/or DBP (mm Hg) Normal Optimal < 120 Pre-hypertension Or Normal < 130 High-normal Or Hypertension: Hypertension: Stage Stage Or Stage Or Stage Or Stage Or (Linda Brookes, Msc, 2003) Hypertension is a progressive and multi-factorial disease, increasing in incidence with age, affecting twenty five percent of the population in the United States, with a predisposition amongst the African-American population
Hypertension is defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mm HG and diastolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg, self-reported use of antihypertensive medications, or both. (Ostchega, 2005-2006) Hypertension, according to the joint national committee 6 and 7, is classified into the following stages: Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults Aged ? 18 Years: JNC 7 versus JNC JNC 7 Blood Pressure Category JNC 6 Blood Pressure Category SBP (mm Hg) and/or DBP (mm Hg) Normal Optimal < 120 Pre-hypertension Or Normal < 130 High-normal Or Hypertension: Hypertension: Stage Stage Or Stage Or Stage Or Stage Or (Linda Brookes, Msc, 2003) Hypertension is a progressive and multi-factorial disease, increasing in incidence with age, affecting twenty five percent of the population in the United States, with a predisposition amongst the African-American population