3% in the 1990s, after which the rate of decline continued to drop even further, reaching an annual reduction rate of only 0.5% between 2000 and 2002 (Edelson, 2007)
When combined with the latest evidence of the increasing American obesity epidemic, particularly in children, the connection between obesity and the rate of coronary heart disease in young adults becomes obvious. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that 66% of Americans, including 17% of American children are clinically overwheight (Gibbs, 2007) and numerous studies suggest that being overweight as a child is one of the strongest predictive factors in adult obesity
According to numerous studies such as that published in 2003 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which was partly funded by the National Institutes of Health, excess body fat significantly reduces life expectancy and specifically contributes to the development of heart disease. Most importantly, that study concluded that obesity represented a much more profound risk among young adults between 20 and 30 studied than among older adults, between 60 and 70 (Ham, 2003)
In this regard, young adults who drink alcohol are more at risk from the relationship between alcohol consumption and heart disease because regular overindulgence and binge drinking are habits much more common to college-age drinkers and younger adults than to older adults, a smaller percentage of whose drinkers exhibit medically harmful consumption patterns. Older adults drink as well, but their drinking habits and consumption patterns are markedly different from those of contemporary young adults, which becomes much more predictive of long-term health concerns such as the development of coronary heart disease in light of the fact that drinking patterns established in young adulthood tend to dictate lifelong drinking patterns (Trevisan, 2007)
Questions this writer considered during the research of this paper included: Why is heart disease a current concern for young adults? What strategies can be implemented to combat heart disease in young adults? The following figure (1) relates a number of components used to create this paper, which "reports" on CVD, and addresses concerns regarding heart disease and young people. Current and Projected Concerns What is currently known about heart disease, as the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, because young adults are "increasingly adopting unhealthy lifestyles," (Reinhardt), resulting increasing consequences of those lifestyle choices also increase
" Katrina Chan, PT, DPT, CSCS, UCLA, on the other hand, regularly recommends the 10,000 steps program to motivate people to get up and begin to walk. The Archives of Internal Medicine study confirmed that 30 minutes of walking a day (10-12 miles a week) "can prevent weight gain in most people who are now inactive
Because of these changes in mortality, 'the burden of CHD has shifted to older patients.'" (Zoler) Most Likely - Yet Less Likely This writer encourages young adults to the take current warnings regarding increasing prospects of heart disease to heart - literally and figuratively
To put it another way, CAD is so prevalent among Americans that it trumps all of the other four leading causes of death to include: chronic lower respiratory diseases, cancer, diabetes and automobile accidents. (Rimmerman, 2000) This is significant, because it shows how the disease is becoming an epidemic throughout American society
When you put these two different elements together, they show how the effects of CAD are preventable to a certain extent, based upon the lifestyle choices of the individual. (Wong, 2010) Clearly, the prevalence of CAD is continuing to remain high, as the condition is affecting a wide variety of men and women around the world
survival rates depend on the duration of time directly after the shock. It has been used as an independent predictor of mortality within the context of research focusing on cardiac diseases (Austin & Tu 2004)
When the shock hits, the heart cannot continue to pump at a normal rate. This leads to a lacking of oxygen in the various tissues of the body (O'Rourke et al
Properly managing cardiac failures during critical times can mean the difference. It is important to manage the situation as fast as possible, for the longer the patient stays in a state of cardiogenic shock, the higher the risk of mortality (Gottfried & Sloan 2002)
In the event of cardiogenic shock, there is an increase in respiration levels. According to research, roughly 77% of patients in cardiogenic shock will be at risk for entering a state of cardiac arrest (Jenicek 2002)
Since 1976, Thoretec VAD has been used to support patients with cardiogenic shock," (Willanksy & Willerson 2002:305). Inaarortic balloon pumping has also been used in cases of cardiogenic shock for decades within the modern medical practice context (Kantrowitze et al
Up to sixty peercent of patients actually survive the initial onset of cardiogenic shock, but only roughly one fourth of patients actually survive long enough to be discharged from the hospital (O'Rourke 2001:187). Many patients do not make it out of the hospital (Waltz et al
Additional major signs of increased risk of mortality include age and systolic blood pressure (Austin & Tu 2004). Patients in cardiogenic shock are at increased mortality risks (Sallis & Massimino 1997)
When systematic blood pressure rises and there is a combined lack of appropriate levels of oxygen reaching the organs and extremities, cardiogenic shock can occur. Research also shows some severe cases of TR "that may result in cardiogenic shock is papillary muscle rupture after right ventricular infraction," (Willanksy & Willarson 2002:267)
The HPA response to stress is organized hierarchically: Stress leads to increases in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) secretion that leads to a release from the pituitary of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and finally leads to the adrenocortical release of cortisol. In people with chronic stress there is a hypersecretion of CRF (which is determined via levels of CRF in cerebrospinal fluid and a dulled ACTH response to CRF stimulation (Miller, Chen, & Zhou, 2007)
Hans Seyle (1956) defined a stressful event as one in which an environmental demand surpasses the inherent regulatory capacity of the organism. Seyle also defined a psychological model of the reaction to prolonged stress, the General Adaptation Syndrome, that is still referenced today (Seyle, 1956)
2. As a risk factor for heart disease stress appears to be as important as other risk factors such as cholesterol levels, but not as robust as risk factors such as smoking (Siahpush & Carlin, 2007)