It has been long hypothesized that lowered levels of serotonin available in the brain can be associated with depressed mood. Another hypothesis on the gender difference in the expression of mental health issues between men and women may be related to estrogen (Behl and Holsboer, 1999)
This may in turn lead to higher incidence of depression. And although boys are more likely to suffer physical abuse than girls, girls are more likely to suffer sexual abuse, which has the most negative psychological effect of all forms of abuse (Dennerstein, 2001)
al, 1993). The next is biological, in that women and men differ in brain structure and function, all the way down to neurotransmitters, neuroendocrine functions and circadian rhythm stability (Kormstein, 1997)
This is likely due to the fact that women are usually more likely to have been the victims of violence (either domestic or random) or to have been abused by a family member or other such person known to them. Regarding treatment, there appears to be no significant difference in response to nonpharmacologic treatment between men and women (Zlotnick, Shea, Pilkonis, and et
Some scholars who support this difference suggest that women have a "female voice" overlooked in theory and research. On the contrary, a significant percentage of the social science literature support the similarity stand, suggesting that, considering all things, men and women lead in the same manner (Eagly and Johnson, 1990)
Some scholars who support this difference suggest that women have a "female voice" overlooked in theory and research. On the contrary, a significant percentage of the social science literature support the similarity stand, suggesting that, considering all things, men and women lead in the same manner (Eagly and Johnson, 1990)
This is because there is a conception that men are more confident as compared to men. In addition, men are shown as willing to bluff translating to greater confidence, which causes optimistic judgments (Hall and Matsumoto, 2004)
" Although there is a popular concept that men make better leaders compared to women who utilize "soft tactics" for work completion, is not always correct. Additionally, gender does not determine leadership styles, but by the identity of the individual leader (Lynda and Joanne, 2003)
Concerning the leadership style, women espoused a democratic or participative style; while men adopted an autocratic style. This paper utilizes the most current empirical evidence on similarities and variations in female and male leadership styles to reveal the difference in gender leadership styles (Stelter, 2002)
The results of this component of the study suggested that women with higher levels of education were more likely to drink at least occasionally (i.e., not to abstain completely) (Allamani et al
Statement of the Problem The use and abuse of alcohol has been a problem for mankind since time immemorial, but today, alcohol abuse by young people in the United Kingdom has assumed critical levels in some regions, and the problem appears to be getting worse. The consequences of alcohol abuse are well-known but do not seem to dissuade current and potential drinkers from indulging to excess; however, the association between alcohol abuse and acute and chronic health problems, vehicle-related injuries and deaths, poor work performance and attendance, psychosocial maladjustment, and involvement in criminal activity has been shown by study after study in the past (Ammerman, Ott & Tarter, 1999)
According to Anderson, Bjarnason, Choquet, Elekes, Morgan, and Rapinett (2003), alcohol abuse can result in serious short-term and long-term health risks and is an accurate predictor of future problem drinking and drug use. Furthermore, alcohol abuse has been associated with a wide range of other negative behavioral consequences, including accidents, violent behavior and victimization and suicidal tendencies, as well as earlier sexual encounters and an increased incidence of unprotected sex (Anderson et al
According to Wilsnack and Wilsnack, the researchers determined that any such convergence has been small, inconsistent, and statistically uncertain in the majority of these European countries, with the sole exception of Finland (where until recently women were exceptionally likely to be abstainers or very infrequent drinkers). "In none of the European countries studied did women's drinking frequencies or quantities exceed those of men" (Bloomfield et al
adolescents, while it increased among students in Ontario, Canada (Effendi, Hill & White, 2003). Alcohol use increased between the late 1980s and mid 1990s among younger students in the United Kingdom, then decreased again in the late 1990s to levels comparable to those at the turn of the 20th century (Boreham & Shaw, 2001)
In fact, substance abuse in general and alcohol abuse in particular represent some of the most challenging problems facing Western society in the 21st century. The incidence of substance use and abuse is staggering, and alcohol consumption is becoming increasingly commonplace, even among very young people (Briggs, Love & Mcveity, 2000)
Interventions and Initiatives Targeted at Reducing Alcohol Abuse among Younger Drinkers. Unfortunately, adolescents and young adults who may be experiencing problems with their alcohol consumption are frequently unwilling to discuss their substance use with clinical professionals (Bukstein, Clark, Cornelius, Delbridge, Donovan, & Kelly, 2003)
, 1999). Excessive alcohol consumption can also have a wide range of adverse health effects (Chaloupka, Grossman, & Saffer, 2002)
Deviation of Total Sum of Total N Section 2. Likert-Scaled Questions Questions in section 2 were analyzed using the chi-square goodness of fit test which is sensitive to sample size (Cheng & Wu, 1994); however, the analysis of the distribution of the respondent scores showed the responses met the normality assumption of the nonparametric chi-square statistics (when appropriate) performed to compare demographic and survey variables for the male and female groups of students
, 2002). In particular, the use and abuse of alcohol by university students has emerged in recent years as a matter of great concern (Cox, Inderhaug, King, Klinger, Man, Schippers, Skutle, & Stuchlikova, 2002)
This point is also made by Chaloupka, Grossman, and Saffer (2002) who report that fatal motor vehicle accidents remain the leading cause of death of people under the age of 35 years, with alcohol being involved in more than one-half of these fatal crashes. In fact, fatalities per car miles of travel of people between the ages of 16 and 24 were more than twice as large as those of people ages 25 and over in 1995 (Dee & Evans, 2001)