S. Department of Education conducted a national sample of American students to measure their academic performance (Mead, 2006)
The Task Force recommends this approach and suggests that generalizations and stereotypical expectations be avoided to explore the true needs of each student (Task Force). Gifted and Talented Education Programs These programs emphasize the need to provide a broad range of advanced-level enrichment experiences and varied ways of responding to these experiences (Renzulli & Dai, 2010)
The incorporation of gifte3d and talented education into the general education system is seen to redefine and redirect the development of the potentials of the young (Renzulli & Dai). Behavior and Bias in Access Two-thirds of all students receiving special education in the United States are boys and gender-based behavioral differences and gender bias are behind it (Rousso, 2003)
, emergency room electrocardiograms), they usually receive them later than men, resulting in delays in necessary treatments" (375). Moreover, American men are more likely to receive treatments such as coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery than women and in those instances where when women and men present with similar cardiac symptoms, clinicians are more likely to attribute women's symptoms than men's to psychiatric and other noncardiac causes (Benrud and Reddy 375)
This suggests that males and females are predisposed to divergent behavioral development" (3). In fact, the gender differences in the incidence of heart disease between men and women is more pronounced in the United States than in any other industrialized country today (Courtenay 81)
The clinical studies to date confirm that such a biological link exists as it pertains to heart disease in particular among men and women, but with some important differences. For example, although coronary heart disease represents the major cause of death in both men and women, men are twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease and to die from it at an earlier age (Eisler and Hersen 9)
One of the more interesting issues to emerge from the research concerned the dearth of timely studies concerning gender differences as they relate to various disease processes that provided a completely subjective analysis. Virtually every study concerning gender differences in this regard was shown to have some type of constraint or limitation that precluded its generalization across the board for both men and women because of the manner in which the studies to date have been conducted or how the findings have been interpreted (Feingold 91)
As Krantz and Mcceney (2002) point out the etiology of heart disease involves a series of biochemical, immune-inflammatory, and hemodynamic processes that combine to increase overall risk, but the growing body of evidence concerning coronary heart disease in particular suggests that clinical manifestations may be triggered by various behavioral activities such as exercise, mental stress, sexual activity, and/or during sleep (342). These authors emphasize, though, that it is important to note that because of the complex pathophysiology of coronary disease, various psychosocial and behavioral variables may relate to different aspects of the disease process (Krantz and Mcceney 342)
These authors emphasize that, "This latter finding, in particular, suggests that disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of illness in women and men may reflect, in part, psychosocial factors such as an androcentric bias to attribute illness symptoms in women to emotional rather than physical causes" (Benrud and Reddy 375). Finally, American men are also more likely to engage in a number of behaviors that may increase their risk of heart disease, including drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or abusing alcohol more so than their female counterparts, behaviors which can lead to additional stress and heart-related disease processes (Krohn and Pyc 459)
Gender Differences in Incidence of Heart Disease Gender Differences in the Incidence of Heart Disease Heart disease continues to represent a national health issue, with more men experiencing heart attacks at earlier ages than their female counterparts (Thom, Kannel, Silbershatz and D'Agostino 3)
Women, though, continue to be at higher risk for some types of heart disease-related illnesses. For example, more than 50% of all coronary mortalities are the result of sudden cardiac death; furthermore, fully half of men and 64% of women who die suddenly did not have a history of diagnosed coronary artery disease (Wilansky and Willerson 295)
Deutsch writes that "Equality Works" when it comes to women and men sharing in the duties that go along with parenting. Notwithstanding the cultural trend that has been in place for what seems eternity -- that a woman takes care of the household chores, the cooking, the raising of children and more, while the man brings home the money to support the household -- Deutsch insists that in "…in some families…some couples are equally sharing the care of their children" (Deutsch, 1999, p
Families That Work -- Reconciling Parenthood and Employment An essay by Janet Gornick and Marcia Meyers points to a "schism" that exists because some feminists believe women won't truly achieve "full citizenship status" until they first achieve equality in the workplace (same pay for same work plus advancement opportunities in line with those offered to males). Other feminists and scholars believe that a new definition for "citizenship" should be established vis-a-vis the reality of the sharp contrasts and differences that exist because women as caregivers for children and family (Gornick, et al
One way that helps contextualize gender-based communication differences it to understand how they developed. Historically, men have been placed in positions of competition, while women were put into positions of cooperation (Miller & Buchanan, 2008)
In other words, women vent in their communications in a way that most men do not. Men tend to be goal-oriented rather than relationship oriented, so that when someone discusses a problem, they offer solutions, rather than offering empathy or understanding (vom Saal, unk
Moreover, while listening, women are more likely to engage in active listening through the display of "attentiveness through verbal and non-verbal cues. Many men avoid these cues to keep from appearing 'one-down'" (Vyncke, 2006)
" Unfortunately, stereotypes often play a role in how we interpret any given communication. Recent research (Popp, Donovan et al
Gender Differences in the Perception of Pain Psychosocial Approach to Understanding Factors Influencing Gender Differences in the Perception of Pain Pain as a concept is commonly considered a physical experience, as reflected in its most-often cited definition, "pain is defined as the sensation that accompanies impending or ongoing tissue damage" (Hama, 2000:92)
This study illustrated the importance of relevance of people to the individual's life in order to make significantly correct and accurate assessments of an individual's pain, as perceived by the medical staff and/or his or her family members. Framework of the Study The proposed theoretical framework of the study will center on the dualist theory of brain processing, positing that "brain and mind are different systems" (Tiengo, 2003:S78)
, 1999), cited numerous studies, all of which found that female college students frequently had higher rates of depression that their male counterparts. 1994 report, titled the Emergence of Gender Differences in Depression During Adolescence (Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus), revealed that prepubescent children show no gender differences in depression rates