We rationalize: these are good things and a little erosion of our Fourth Amendment protections against "unreasonable searches and seizures" seems a small price to pay for security and peace of mind. (Wood, 1996, p
You would alter the climate of schools. You are changing the situation from one of trust to distrust'" (Wagner, 2004, p
Earls ruled on in 2002. These are references as Vernonia and Earls hereafter (Yacoubian, 2003)
Today, the dangers of driving while impaired are well-known, but it is still incredibly difficult to pick out those who have been drinking. One writer notes, "The difficulty of observing intoxication in drivers is undoubtedly one of the reasons that the probability of being arrested for driving under the influence, when the driver is above the legal limit, has been variously estimated, depending on the legal jurisdiction, as ranging between 1 in 200 to 1 in 1,000" (Ammerman, 1999, p
Two weeks after the first urinalysis, the bus driver was retested. The results were negative and the company reinstated him (Angarola, 1991, p
Yet, the industry goal is to ensure that no driver of a commercial vehicle is chemically impaired. Random testing will enhance achievement of that goal (Gant, 1991)
stated, "I think that [is] an infringement of a person's constitutional rights. But I've seen statistics and on the news the ramifications of what can happen when someone is operating a vehicle under the influence of drugs'" (Simon, 1998, p
However, the penalties will become more severe when someone is continually violating the organization's drug policy or they are in positions of authority. (Dressler, 2008) A written warning is delivered to someone the first time they fail a drug test
In terms of whether or not it is morally relevant to screen pre- or post-hiring, the moral relevance is less because the objective has not changed. The controversial subject of effectiveness (Riggio, 2016) has little to do with it
If, on the other hand, the use of these drugs impairs the employee's ability to work effectively, then there is every reason for that employee to either stop using drugs or be fired. This is a common sense approach to the issue and may also be viewed as a pragmatic or utilitarian approach (Sandle, 2009; Halbert, Ingulli, 1999)
In some instance, truly random testing is allowed and has been sanctioned by the United States government. However, the vitriol extended about this practice is not in short supply (Clayton, 2007)
) to verify the test results or to exonerate them from the same. Indeed, it would seem that no "B samples" or verification were done and this was really an oversight by the school to put it lightly (Gallardo, 2015)