The problem with zero tolerance is that it applies in a blanket manner and incorporates both the high risk and low risk students under the same punishment. Such blanket application of tough punishment encourages low risk students to graduate to high risk offenders (Teske, 2011; Gendreau et al
The lower academic achievement by the individual may also spill out to the general student population. Suspension is associated with school drop --out and failure to graduate in good time (The American Federation of Teachers, 2016)
This gives rise to a number of different disciplines, such as motivation, behaviorism and cognitive psychology. These disciplines can then be divided into an even greater variety of sub-disciplines (Tougas, 2010)
In particular, the study of memory looks like things like false memories, or memory difficulties like absent-mindedness. Understanding memory is important because of how much we rely on memory in our daily lives, and what the consequences might be for things like false memories and other memory "sins" (Schacter, 1999)
Another issue in cognition is cognitive dissonance, accepting two things that ought to be contrary positions. People willingly believe things that contradict themselves, but manage to find ways to overcome this, and the study of this subject aims to understand how this happens, and why it happens (McLeod, 2014)