Text messages and emails will fall under similar guidelines based on the fact that they are considered to be personal communication. (Samaha, 2011) The way that the Fourth Amendment is applicable is through limiting unreasonable searches and seizures
" The split between different levels of government in Australia engendered by the politicization of punishment is also reflected in the split between different arms of government. The traditional "separation of powers" between the parliament, the executive, and the judiciary that is a hallmark of the Westminster system of government appeared to be breaking down at the close of the century in Australia (Toby, 1957)
At the state level, the position over the last decade has been one of successive "reform" or compromise influenced by populist forces working through both government and opposition. Every state and territory in Australia reformed its sentencing legislation at least once between 1988 and 1998 (Sallmann & Willis, 2003)
In the end, the politicians won. Australian governments argued that mandatory sentencing was "effective" because it was popular (Schiraldi & Soler, 2009)
The Sentencing Act (1988) [in Hogg and Brown] introduced as part of this election campaign established Truth in Sentencing (abolition of remission), which effectively inflated the prison population by a considerable margin. The act also introduced higher maximum sentences including a "natural life" sentence (Roberts & Stalans, 1997)
For instance, it provides the high courts with opportunities to delegate some of its responsibilities to the lower courts to facilitate effectiveness and efficiency. However, hierarchy system in the courts has disadvantages such as time consuming for individuals as they have to follow the long system of legal procedures and expenses to the involved because of factors such as appeals of the cases (Allen & Sawhney, 2010)
On the other hand, it is highly expected that the released inmates will be aggressive in the society with massive violation of the legal regulations. As such, this will increase the number of inmates arrested due to the violation of the Federal law; hence, increasing the number of inmates in the prisons further (Hudson, 2003)
Significant evidence shows that ethics play a significant role in an organization. It ensures the recognition of the rights and freedom of the individual alongside prioritizing the safety of individuals in the society (Roberson & Mire, 2010)
Creation of the Presumption that Shootings are Permissible and Just Arizona and Texas are the two states in which shooting in self-defense is permitted everywhere (Mayors against Illegal Guns 4). As is the norm, a defendant is considered innocent, until the prosecutor convinces a jury otherwise, beyond any doubt deemed reasonable (Havis 120)
It would be prudent to mention that the application of the Stand Your Ground Law differs from state to state, and that, moreover, different states have adopted different component combinations. However, for purposes of simplicity, this text will consider a state a Stand Your Ground jurisdiction "if its statute allows a person to use lethal force against another in any place he has the legal right to be - so long as he reasonably believed that he, or someone else, faced imminent death or great bodily harm" (Lee)
Under these two principles of self-defense, Americans had the "legal right to 'stand their ground' and use non-deadly force to protect themselves from an attacker, as long as their use of force was reasonably necessary" (Mayors against Illegal Guns 3). The duty to retreat encouraged the use of measures other than taking the life of another person, and although deadly force was justifiable in some circumstances, it was to be used only as the last resort (Wible 124)
Women in the Criminal Justice System The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women re-evaluated its 1975 recommendations on issues concerning the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system (Gowdy et al
S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, such as at 888% between 1986 and 1996 (Ketcham 2001)
The law making powers of each state or territory are "separate and independent systems" in relation to police, the courts, prison facilities and all "other corrective and treatment services" (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). Confidence in Criminal Justice System According to research conducted in Australia by Jones (Indehmar and Roberts, 2009), the confidence in the criminal justice system ranges from 30% to as high as 75% based on the various components
With informal mechanisms there was unfair treatment of the accused even to the point of receiving unjust sentencing. Those who had the power within the informal mechanisms often received the property or other goods once held by the accused, withhold evidence for personal benefit, or acted as vigilantes exacting their own justice (Lincoln and Robinson, 2010)
Social control is best managed by those that have been elected to oversee the management of the changing formats of punishment for criminal behavior. The formal mechanisms work best when connected with matters of state within society (Roach Anleu, 1998)
One theory that demonstrates the interconnected relations is the Behaviorists Concept. This theory asserts that social control lies within governmental administration of what is considered a normal lifestyle through Legislation, legal action and negotiation (White and Sutton, 1995)
There were much lawlessness prior to the establishment of criminal justice systems in Australia. The bushrangers were bands of outlaws in the early 19th century traveled the land committing crimes of robbery, murder, and pillaging (Woods, 2002)
It has been demonstrated that minorities make up a disproportionate number of prison inmates. (Alexander, 2011) And most prison gangs are based on race, or protection from other races, which often leads to conflict between gangs and thus conflicts between races
31+) Gangs are usually divided by race, bringing racial issues into the fray, but also are responsible for illegal drug trafficking and the violence which stems from that trade. (Arthur, 2009, p