In order to deal with these problems there must be a shift of resources in society away from incarceration, and toward prevention and treatment. (Currie, 1998) It is also important that young people have a decent future to look forward to, and not be trapped in a dead-end life of poverty and misery
In other words, poor people and minorities are more likely to get sent to prison than the wealthy or whites for the same crime. (Wacquant, 2010, p. 73+) (Hashimoto, 2011, p
S. prisons are addicted to drugs or alcohol. (Lyons, 2010, p
Gangs, or Security Threat Groups (STG's) are a major problem in prisons today, with some prisons reporting 35-40% of the total population gang members. (Newhouse, 2009, p
In other words, poor people and minorities are more likely to get sent to prison than the wealthy or whites for the same crime. (Wacquant, 2010, p
Criminal law, as propounded by Cesare Beccaria in "On Crimes and Punishments," postulated that punishment should be as rational as the act and correspondent in kind. It was this perspective -- called classical theory -- that actually required not just correctional facilities but also the entire policing and legal correctional system to ensure that the criminal had rally acted solicitously in perpetrating his act (Schlatz, online) An understanding of statutory law is necessary when dealing with criminal law since the entire criminal law system -- in fact, the basis for convicting an individual and sentencing him -- is based on the premise that the law has said so
In the meantime, racial profiling against minorities has risen to the point of arousing an outcry for civil liberties from civil rights groups (American Law Library). Apartheid in the System Racism consists of social practices, which explicitly or implicitly attribute merits or values to members of certain racially categorized groups solely on account of their race (Banks, 2004)
Racism and Racial Profiling Racism or racial disparities affect police behavior, specifically in racial profiling. Racial profiling refers to the stopping and investigating or inspecting persons passing through public places, such as drivers in public highways and pedestrians in airports and other urban areas for the statistical profile of the persons' race or ethnicity (Callahan & Anderson, 2001)
Free, Jr., in his edited book, Racial Issues in Criminal Justice, noted the over-representation of African-Americans in arrest rates, juvenile institutions, adult incarceration and rates of receiving harsh penalties (Emmelman, 2005)
In March, the New York Times reported on the New Jersey police's own investigation of its practices that the drivers who allowed their vehicles to be searched were mainly Hispanics and black (Callahan & Anderson). Still another is the San Antonio Police Department's sloppy police work or inaccurate information (Schott, 2001)
Criminal Justice SYSTEMIC MALIGNITY Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system aims at maintaining social control, enforce laws and administering justice, primarily through law enforcement or police forces, the courts and corrections, in the pursuit of the ideal of justice and fairness (Sentencing Project, 2008)
The case explains the crime as of an eleven-year-old boy who murders his father's pregnant girlfriend killing both the woman and her unborn fetus. The eleven-year-old murderer named Jordan Brown uses to live with his father, his girlfriend Kenzie Marie Houk and her two daughters aged 4 and 7 years old in Pennsylvania in their farmhouse (Jones, 2012)
Later police arrived at the crime scene when the youngest daughter aged only four wandered outside the house and caught attention of man working nearby only to inform her consent about her mother being dead. According to Pennsylvania juvenile justice system verdict, brown will remain in the juvenile court custody unless he reaches the age of twenty-one (Sherman & Jacobs, 2011)
Brown's family including father constantly emphasizes that his son is innocent and that he may be a victim of conspiracy. The juvenile justice system has shown weak imposition of the law, as it disregards the important clues and suspicions in this case (Smith, 2007)
This system has been effectively placed for children less than the age of 21 who have reportedly committed crimes in various forms such as sex offenders; murderers etc. (Whitehead & Lab, 2012)
Criminal justice system normally refers to the compilation of the prevailing federal; state accompanied by the local public agencies those pacts with the crime problem. These corresponding agencies procedure suspects, defendants accompanied by the convicted offenders and are normally mutually dependent insofar as the prevailing decisions of the single agency influence other supplementary agencies (Cole & Smith, 2009)
It provides for the flow of the commands or the authority from the top to the bottom of the organization. The flow of the authority facilitates the holding of accountability for the errors that may emerge in the process of running the management practices (Dantzker, 2009)
. (by) demanding a commitment to live and defend the climate and culture that they want to permeate an organization" (Clark, 1997)
The abolishment of parole, while seemingly designed to improve the criminal justice system, has created a litany of organizational and logistical dilemmas for front-line stakeholders such as judges, and in Virginia for example, "the judge must remember to impose a split sentence with a term of probation, to follow prison, in order to have control of released prisoners" (Reimer, 1999). In organizational management terms, the abolishment of parole boards in many states represents a powerful force for change "known as social trends, (which) comes into play when an organization makes changes to take advantage of society's diverse range of views" (Bahe, 2004)
The age old tactic of investigation is now using innovative scientific techniques and technology like DNA testing. These investigations use "forensic science, which deals with the application of the physical and biological sciences, as well as social science, to the investigation of crime," (Johnson et al