Multicultural model of counseling was developed with individuals with disabilities in mind, as well as other minorities and special needs populations. It is founded on the idea that multicultural competence rests on the ability of a counselor to integrate personal, professional and institutional contexts and suggests that change requires "affective, cognitive and behavioral learning competence" (Reza & Toporek, 2001: 13)
As an increased awareness of the needs of a diverse population has surfaced within the field of multicultural counseling, many counselors have turned inward in order to better understand how they can relate to patients and assist them in rehabilitation and development. Historically in 1996 the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) published a set of multicultural counseling competencies which were aimed at operationalizing the counseling work that counselors do in order to provide more diversity sensate counseling practices to patients (Thomas & Weinrach, 2002)
God has promised Abraham land and a lengthy lineage of people to rule over it, as well as a son that would help beget such a nation (Genesis 15: 4-5). Yet, in order to test his faith, God told Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac -- which likely induced a crisis in Abraham and seemed contradictory to him (Coates, 1973, p
Abraham survived this crisis and surpassed it by demonstrating his unshakeable faith in his willingness to slay Isaac, and therefore proved himself worthy of living in God's image and spawning His nation due to his fear of God (Genesis 22: 12). The story of Daniel in the lion's den is a similar tale in that Daniel suffered a crisis when he would not deny God to his employers, and was therefore sentenced to spend the night in the lion's den where he would prove his "righteousness" (Padley, 2011, p
White should actually be extremely confident that he can overcome his midlife crisis, for the simple fact that there are a plethora of examples in the bible and from historical scholarly texts in which God has purposefully implemented crises in order to formulate mankind into his own image. Perhaps one of the first and best examples of this occurrence is found in the examination of Abraham's purported slaying of his first born son Isaac, in which the former evinced an ineffable faith and trust in God (Podmore, 2011, p
S. after they have reached 40 years of age (Wethington, 2000, p
When any of the three forces become unbalanced in any way, this can led to a variety of psychological disorders. The original concept of the ego has been explained through a variety of metaphors; however Freud's (1923) concept was elegantly defined in its origination (Berzoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2008): In its relation to the id (the ego) is like a person on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength while the ego uses borrowed forces
However, despite the popularity of medical interventions to treat depression, there is also a substantial amount of conflicting results in academic literature. For example another study that compared a group of cardiac patients that took different medications for depression, to those who simply exercised as a way to reduce depression (Blumenthal, 2011)
The professional identity process is dynamic and develops over time. One qualitative study focused on the development of this professional identity and found that conflict resolution was one of the most salient factors that influence the development of a professional identity (Brott & Myers, 2011)
The different phases each have an objective that must be accomplished successfully or else if the goal is not reached, the person becomes fixated at the uncompleted stage, which creates a psychological imbalance. The five stages are: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital (Cherry, N
Rational emotive behavior therapy is another style of counseling that can allow counselors enough latitude to develop their own style. Many of the modern therapies are considered "cognitive" in a general sense and focus on changing the subjective views of clients about themselves and the world (Corey, 2013, p
This study suggests that treating patients with medication has no effective advantage over treating patients with psychotherapy alone. Another meta-analysis was conduct in order to determine whether he effects of antidepressants for treating depressive disorders have been overestimated because of selective publication of positive trials (Cuijpers, et al
Although using medication can be inexpensive and somewhat effective, it does more to manage the symptoms rather than address the causes. One study that analyzed a collection of independent studies in a meta-analysis found that out of a sample of over eight hundred and fifty patients the differences between the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy and the combination of psychotherapy and placebo did not provide any statistical difference among the subgroups (Culijpers, Straten, Hollon, & Andersson, 2009)
strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened) (McLeod, 2007)
Many studies have suggested that this is often an effective option; especially for certain demographics. One study collected data on impoverished minority in the Washington DC area between 1997 and 2002 and found that medication can be used effectively in some scenarios (Miranda, et al
This leads to a high rate of responding, and the human being in the casino is behaving exactly like the rat or pigeon in the Skinner box. (Incidentally, he always felt uncomfortable when someone used that term in his presence and would say, "You mean operant conditioning chamber (Sherman, 2010)
The need for multicultural competencies development among school counseling professionals has recently been acknowledged by the American Psychological Association (1992) and the American Counseling Association (1995) whose ethnical standards dictate that school counselors should achieve a certain level of multicultural competence prior to embarking on a professional career in student counseling. Despite the acknowledgment of a need for increased awareness and training to ensure a positive student/counselor relationship, there is little evidence that much is being done in the way of establishing a core set of standardized competencies for student counselors in varying school districts (Arredondo, Cheatam, Mio, Sue & Trimble, 1999; Goodnough, Noel & Perusse, 2001)
al, 1998). In order to provide students with counseling that is effective and efficient, school counselors must achieve multicultural counseling competence, which can be defined as a counselors' attitudes/beliefs, knowledge and skills related to their ability to work with individuals of varying backgrounds (Constantine & Gushue, 2003)
al, 1998). In order to provide students with counseling that is effective and efficient, school counselors must achieve multicultural counseling competence, which can be defined as a counselors' attitudes/beliefs, knowledge and skills related to their ability to work with individuals of varying backgrounds (Constantine & Gushue, 2003)
Further they suggest that there is currently very little knowledge available with regard to the ways in which the attitudes school counselor's have toward immigrants may affect their ability to work with this unique population effectively. In recent years a large body of attention has been afforded to multicultural issues within schools and school counseling programs (Durodoye, 1998; Hobson & Kanitz, 1996; Sue et