Therefore, it takes a crisis orientation approach rather than a prevention orientation approach (Shankar et al., 2002) Now, mammography screening is a requirement recommended by doctors when cancer is predicted and not part of normal health care routine as it should be (Powe, 2001)
Therefore, it takes a crisis orientation approach rather than a prevention orientation approach (Shankar et al., 2002) Now, mammography screening is a requirement recommended by doctors when cancer is predicted and not part of normal health care routine as it should be (Powe, 2001)
Therefore, it takes a crisis orientation approach rather than a prevention orientation approach (Shankar et al., 2002) Now, mammography screening is a requirement recommended by doctors when cancer is predicted and not part of normal health care routine as it should be (Powe, 2001)
As a result, cancer screening is undertaken only when it is predicted. Therefore, it takes a crisis orientation approach rather than a prevention orientation approach (Shankar et al
In order to achieve the main purpose, research work has been based on a variety of factors which can be changed according to different situations in order to arrive at a logical and reasonable conclusion. The factors include cancer fatalism, dispositional optimism, social support, perception of general health, components of HBM and mammography in the past year (Trochim, 2006)
One of the most basic transformations in radiology has been an alteration from screen-film to digital image attainment, and clinical investigation in recent years has centered on the corroboration of digital studies in mammography and other imaging applications. There are relative compensations and weaknesses to both screen-film and digital studies, and facilities should consider these cautiously when making the choice to keep a screen-film system or changeover to digital image acquisition (Barke, n
Mutations within these genes were found in families with four or more cases of breast cancer and at least on family member diagnosed at an early age (TransMed, 1997). Another study revealed that the average cumulative risk of breast cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers by age 70 was 65%, and the corresponding estimate for BRCA2 mutation carriers is 45% (Antoniou et al
It is important that Igna's daughters undergo genetic testing to determine if they are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. However, decision-making about enrolling children in genetic susceptibility research should involve informed consent (Geller et al
Studies have shown that mutations within certain genes have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. The effects of genetic mutations on the risk of breast cancer have been observed to be a function of a woman's age, with the greatest ratio of age-specific risks found at young ages (TransMed Network, 1997)
Black women, the study revealed, may be at a higher risk for breast cancer. This could be because black women and white women use oral contraceptives differently (Marchbanks et al
Pathophysiology The molecular mechanism of breast cancer progression is a linear multi-step development which involves multiple cellular processes. There are two proposed models that account for the cell origin of breast cancer: the sporadic clonal evolution model and the cancer stem cell model (Bombonati, & Sgroi, 2010)
In the United States alone, one in eight women will develop breast cancer within their lifetime (Khanna et al., 2011), and cancer is the leading cause of death among women 35-54 years of age (Brody, & Rudel, 2003)
In the cancer stem cell model, current research is working towards the identification of specific cell markers that denote the presence of cancer stem cells. Using established cell lines in vitro, CD44 and CD133 cell markers have been identified as indicators of stem cell populations (Charafe-Jauffret et al
, 2007). Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Findings Initially, breast cancer may not cause any clinically apparent symptoms (Eberl et al
Treatment for breast cancer often involves invasive interventions; the future of breast cancer treatment is concentrated within genomic targeted therapies and the identification of cancer stem cell biomarkers as a preventative treatment method. Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer for women worldwide (Edwards et al
Hormonal factors have been identified within the context of molecular etiology of breast cancer. Exposure to estrogens is a risk for breast cancer, and specific oxidative metabolites of estrogens can react with DNA, resulting in endogenous chemical carcinogens (Gaikwad et al
The amplification of specific chromosome regions has been identified as frequent events in carcinomas. The amplification of a region on chromosome 8q24 is one of the highest occurring events in ovarian and breast cancers (Guan et al
, 2006). The progression of breast cancer calls for a patient to continuously adhere to the psychosocial adaptation of their illness (Heim et al
The precise pathological stages of breast cancer are understood, however the molecular differences among the stages are not. Mesenchymal stem cells have been described as localized to breast carcinomas, however their involvement in tumor pathophysiology has not fully been examined (Karnoub et al
, 2009). In the United States alone, one in eight women will develop breast cancer within their lifetime (Khanna et al