In recent years many different factors have been identified that contribute to this increased risk. Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long-term use of oral contraceptives (Claudio, 2000; Emanoil, 2000)
Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long-term use of oral contraceptives (Claudio, 2000; Emanoil, 2000). Many studies have suggested that women are not taking adequate steps to assure early detection of breast cancer (Emanoil, 2000)
"PRECEDE (Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation) outlines a diagnostic planning process to assist in the development of targeted and focused public health programs. PROCEED (Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development) guides the implementation and evaluation of the programs designed using Precede" (Green and Mercer, 2002)
¶ … Breast Cancer Detection Rural women are predominantly at a greater risk of dying from breast cancer, because they are not afforded the advantage of screening procedures that are readily available to their urban counterparts. The purpose of this study is to develop an intervention model is to explore the characteristics of rural women who attended a free breast health program that included self breast examination education and free mammography in order to determine how to better improve intervention strategies to strengthen breast health in rural women (Lane and Martin, 2005)
php/online-journal/article/viewFile/40/50 The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. (2010)
Transcriptional targeting addresses the level of gene expression. This, in turn, can be controlled by appropriate promoter/enhancer elements pertaining to the targeted cells (Abaan & Criss)
And Europe, are currently being undertaken, questions will remain un-answered for many years (Ross). MicroRNAs Predict Status in Breast Cancer Receptors of phenotypically diverse tumors in breast cancer have been shown to change while the disease progresses and in response to therapy (Lowery et al
Findings will update current knowledge on the prognosis of breast cancer and therapeutic options, specifically gene therapy. A Step Ahead in Breast Cancer Prognosis The American Cancer Society reported that in 2009 alone, approximately 192,000 cases were diagnosed of breast cancer and of which 40,610 died (Ma & Kosorok, 2010)
This new method is a useful alternative to existing methods, which can lead to new and significant insights into breast cancer prognosis (Ma & Kosorok). Multi-gene Predictors Genome profiling has vastly enlarged the knowledge of genes and genetic pathways associated with the development and progression of breast cancer (Ross, 2008)
The identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was thought to hold the keys to identifying those women who had those genes as possible breast cancer victims. But with the "rapid expansion of next-generation DNA sequencing," scientists have learned that there are perhaps "dozens" of additional genes that could be linked to breast cancer (Kean, 2014, p
Breast Cancer Immunization The need for increased breast cancer screening: New Zealand The incidence of breast cancer in New Zealand is comparable to that of the rest of the developed world. After skin cancer, it is the most commonly-diagnosed and most common cause of death of women from cancer (Cunningham, Shaw & Sarfati 2010:2)
Recent data suggests that rapidly-spreading cancer is increasing amongst women under the age of 39 and is particularly deadly for this group because it is so rapidly-spreading. "While the five-year survival rate for breast cancer that has not spread is 93%, for women 39 and under whose cancer has spread, it's only 31%" (Fox 2013)
A recent study found that while "43 deaths from breast cancer prevented for every 10-000 women invited for screening. The downside was an estimated 19% rate of over-diagnosis: 129 of the 681 cancers detected in those 10, 000 women would not have caused symptoms or death during the patient's lifetime" thus subjecting women to needless surgery and psychological stress (Godlee 2013)
Nonetheless, there is a noticeable geographical difference in the incidence and also the stage of presentation. It has ben documented to be uppermost in North Europe and North America, in-between in Mediterranean nations and South America, and not high at all in Asia and Africa nations (Abdullah, 2003)
86 per 100,000 populations, an amount that is not as high recounted for Singaporean women, with a stated incidence of 65.78 per 100,000 inhabitants (Nesaretnam, 2007)
Numerous local district-level registries can be connected in a system such that simple patient material can be accessible to a doctor for determinations of follow-up and finding of treatment debtors. These can be the basis for a national cancer registration system that will offer statistics for cancer epidemiologists and health services managers (Shaharudin, 2011)
It has ben documented to be uppermost in North Europe and North America, in-between in Mediterranean nations and South America, and not high at all in Asia and Africa nations (Abdullah, 2003). During the year of 2000 there had been 1,050,346 circumstances of breast cancer that had been documented international and 372,969 deaths from the illness (Sharifah, 2010)
93 per 100,000 populace, and in less advanced states it somewhere around 19.66 per 100,000 populations (Taib, 2012)
Breast cancer happens because the cells in the lobules (which are the glands that make milk) or the ducts turn out to be irregular and split irrepressibly. Actually the lesser incidence that is among Malaysian women can be credited to the effort in getting precise figures and the under journalism of circumstances (Thirthagiri, 2009)
Because of this, they have a unique opportunity to inform everyone, especially young women, about the dangers of breast cancer and how serious of a threat it can be, as well as how important exercise is in recovery. Most of the research for this study centered around the fact that fatigue in cancer patients is a very real issue (Berger, 2003) and that there are many different ways that have been looked at in the past to treat it