This definition includes four central markers of the disorder; namely, poorly integrated identity, primitive defenses, relatively firm self-object boundaries (compared to those of a psychotic), and reasonably intact reality testing (also compared to a psychotic). (Boucher, 1999, p
Definitions and historical foundations Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is defined as pervasive pattern of impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image Its primary diagnostic criteria include extreme efforts to avoid abandonment; instability in relationships, affect, and identity; and reckless impulsivity. (Coker & Widiger, 2005, p
structured, consistent and regular, with the patient encouraged to talk about his or her feelings rather than to discharge them in his or her usual self-defeating ways. " (Corelli, Richard J
Psychopharmacological agents that have found to be helpful with regard to this aspect are MAOIs and lithium. Depakote is frequently utilized for mood instability and Fluoxetine may also decrease mood lability (Ellison & Adler, Adler, ed
BPD patients also show signs of hostility when young and abnormal affectivity and impulsivity during adolescence. Gunderson (2001) states that, As adults, persons with BPD may be repeatedly hospitalized, because of their affect and impulse dyscontrol, psychotic-like and dissociative symptomatology, and risk of suicide and suicide attempts (Gunderson, 2001; Zanarini et al
Recognition of the complex of Borderline Personality Disorder grew from the original diagnosis of hysteria as a medical condition in the early 1800's. (Hodges, 2003 p 409) The modern origins of the term Borderline stems from an ambiguity and uncertainty in diagnosis; when it was found that a patient manifested a combination of both neurotic and psychotic symptoms
These are "1) victimization and (2) loneliness/emptiness -- a pervasive sense of isolation and distance from the warmth of the human community." (Kroll, 1988, pp
" Their tendency to attribute negative intent to others also allows them to view the interpersonal difficulties they have as being independent of their own behavior. "(Layden, 1993, p
BPD is a disorder of both the regulation of and the experience of the self. (Linehan, 1993, p
" He believes that the following terms are more correctly indicative of the nature of BPD: ambivalent personality disorder, erratic personality disorder, impulsive personality disorder, quixotic or labile personality disorder. (Millon & Davis, 1996, p
Oldham states that individuals with BPD destroy the relationships they cannot live without." (Oldham, J
The dramatic nature of the response in patients refractory to all previous medication trials and maintenance of a robust response over 1 year, argue against a placebo effect. (Pinto OC, Akiskal HS
Symptoms associated with BPD and dysthymia were among those to be substantially reduced." (Schulz SC, Camlin KL, Berry SA, Jesberger JA
At the centre of all cognitive therapy is the view that "dysfunctional thinking is the core, if not the cause, of symptoms of psychopathology." (Shean, Glenn D
Past physical abuse results in increased sensitivity to cues of threat, impaired processing of social information, and increased probability of selecting an aggressive response. (Spoont, Costello, ed
The management of interpersonal relationships is one the prime objectives in therapy as it can have a devastating effect on the life, and recovery potential, of the BPD sufferer. (Stone, 1993, p
both the individual and the environment in which he or she lives." (SWENSON, CHARLES R
One day they are idealizing you and the next day they can storm out of a session and slander you in front of the community. I've had this happen to me." (Umrigar, Thrity
Dosages should generally be low and the medication should never be given without adequate psychosocial intervention." (Grohol, 2007)
BPD often occurs together with other psychiatric disorders like anxiety, depression, substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders. (Koekkoek, van der Snoek, Oosterwijk, & van Meijel, 2010)