Having a comorbid psychiatric condition is a predictor of poorer responsiveness to medication in bipolar disorder. Many of these comorbid conditions may precede the bipolar diagnosis (Judd et al
Genetic studies have also been used to support this assumption as there is a high concordance rate for bipolar disorder in monzygotic twins (Goodwin, 2007). In light of the findings that demonstrate a possible biological etiology for bipolar disorder these findings are still complicated by the notion that many neuro-imaging studies are performed on chronic patients with a history of medication and drug usage and twin studies are complicated by a dearth of adoption studies (Miklowitz, 2008a)
Genetic studies have also been used to support this assumption as there is a high concordance rate for bipolar disorder in monzygotic twins (Goodwin, 2007). In light of the findings that demonstrate a possible biological etiology for bipolar disorder these findings are still complicated by the notion that many neuro-imaging studies are performed on chronic patients with a history of medication and drug usage and twin studies are complicated by a dearth of adoption studies (Miklowitz, 2008a)
Genetic studies have also been used to support this assumption as there is a high concordance rate for bipolar disorder in monzygotic twins (Goodwin, 2007). In light of the findings that demonstrate a possible biological etiology for bipolar disorder these findings are still complicated by the notion that many neuro-imaging studies are performed on chronic patients with a history of medication and drug usage and twin studies are complicated by a dearth of adoption studies (Miklowitz, 2008a)
Genetic studies have also been used to support this assumption as there is a high concordance rate for bipolar disorder in monzygotic twins (Goodwin, 2007). In light of the findings that demonstrate a possible biological etiology for bipolar disorder these findings are still complicated by the notion that many neuro-imaging studies are performed on chronic patients with a history of medication and drug usage and twin studies are complicated by a dearth of adoption studies (Miklowitz, 2008a)
Genetic studies have also been used to support this assumption as there is a high concordance rate for bipolar disorder in monzygotic twins (Goodwin, 2007). In light of the findings that demonstrate a possible biological etiology for bipolar disorder these findings are still complicated by the notion that many neuro-imaging studies are performed on chronic patients with a history of medication and drug usage and twin studies are complicated by a dearth of adoption studies (Miklowitz, 2008a)
By using these guidelines the application of CBT techniques can prove to be a valuable adjunctive treatment to standard pharmacological interventions and other treatments for bipolar disorder. Family Focused Therapy (FFT) Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is an empirically supported psychotherapy that has its roots in humanistic psychology, the study of emotions, and attachment theory (Palmer-Olsen, Gold, & Woolley, 2011)
One way to measure family stress is to measure the level of expressed emotion (EE). EE has been dived into three components (Vaughn & Leff, 1976): critical comments, hostility or personalized criticism, and emotional over involvement or the tendency to be over concerned or overprotective
Valproate as an intervention for acute manic episodes is used to treat patients with complex partial seizures as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy. Carbamazepine is for treatment of patients with complex symptomatology, combined seizure patterns, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (Keck & McElroy, 2002, p
The condition is basically characterized with very quick mood swings between mania and depression. Since the disorder equally affects men and women alike, it always starts between 15-25 years (Rogge & Zieve, 2012)
In contrast, pharmacodynamics is defined as the study of the actions of drugs on the body, particularly the brain. In the past few years, there has been a rapid increase in the knowledge regarding the process with which antidepressants and mood stabilizers are metabolized and the interactions between drugs with antidepressants and mood stabilizers (Stahl, 2000, p
Participants are stated to have been a "nationally representative sample of 9282 English-speaking adults (aged >or=18 years)." (Merikangas, et al
In addition to evaluating overall differences between treatments, a chief goal was to examine whether family impairment levels moderated the effects of family intervention on outcome." (Miller, et al
The work of Post and Liverish (2007) entitled "The Role of Psychosocial Stress in the Onset and Progression of Bipolar Disorder and its Comorbidities: The Need for Earlier and Alternative Modes of Therapeutic Intervention" reports that psychosocial stress plays a role that is prominent "at multiple junctures in the onset and course of bipolar disorder." (Post and Leverich ) Additionally reported is that experiential to recurrence and progression onset of affective episodes and the great prevalence of substance abuse comorbidity as well
A bipolar spectrum disorder is of the nature that can be "easily missed." (Glick, nd) Required are: (1) the Mood Disorder Questionnaire -- a validated screening instrument for bipolar disorder; (2) long-term management of patients with bipolar disorder; and (3) close liaison with a psychiatrist
This requires excellent communication skills and listening skills on the part of the nurse. Applicable Psychological Theory: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) The Cognitive Behavioral model is an amalgamation of three major psychology disciplines: behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and social psychology (Cooper & Lesser, 2008)
The MDQ is a simple and straightforward survey instrument consisting of 13 yes or no questions based on information gathered from both DSM-IV criteria and clinical experience. In order for someone to be diagnosed positively for bipolar disorder, they must answer "yes" to at least seven of the thirteen questions (Hirschfeld et al
The MDQ is a simple and straightforward survey instrument consisting of 13 yes or no questions based on information gathered from both DSM-IV criteria and clinical experience. In order for someone to be diagnosed positively for bipolar disorder, they must answer "yes" to at least seven of the thirteen questions (Hirschfeld et al
Some people with this disorder stay in a certain state for so long that they no longer consider themselves to be bipolar. Then, unexpectedly, their mood will shift drastically in the opposite direction, causing extreme distress for both the sufferer and their loved ones (Joyce & Mitchell, 2005)
Peplau also identified six different roles that nurses play in the treatment process. These were: The Stranger Role, The Resource Role, The Teaching Role, The Counseling Role, The Surrogate Role and The Active Leadership Role (Meleis, 1991)