There were some problems noted, though, in the provision of neonatal services to the large migrant population (McDowell, 1996). Health insurance in Switzerland is compulsory and regulated by federal law; the healthcare system is financed in each canton by varying individual contributions, and is supplemented by federal and cantonal subsidies for the indigent (Diem, 2004)
, prenatal) to the most sophisticated (e.g., neonatal intensive) (Ginzberg & Rogers, 1993)
The citizens of Switzerland enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world as well as a sophisticated and high-quality healthcare system that, like its counterpart in Canada, provides universal healthcare services. There were some problems noted, though, in the provision of neonatal services to the large migrant population (McDowell, 1996)
Yet, quality healthcare remains out of reach for many pregnant U.S. women (McGarry, 2002)
645). While the principle of accessibility promotes universal health care coverage, equitable access to health services is not always the case in practice (Morton & Loos, 1995)
S. spends more per capita on healthcare than Switzerland, Canada, and practically all advanced nations, but these other countries provide better healthcare than the United States as indicated by the output measures of longevity and infant mortality; furthermore, these services at generally provided at a much lower cost (Stewart, 1995)
also has higher fertility rates and overall percentage of pregnancies aborted. Adolescent-specific rates, such as pregnancy, abortion rates, and the percentage of delivering mothers younger than 20 years old were also notably higher in the United States (Thompson, Goodman & Little, 2002)
Healthcare Options -- Canada. According to Mhatre & Derber (1992), the 1984 Canada Health Act stated that: "The primary objective of Canadian health care policy is to protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well being of residents of Canada, and facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers" (p
Healthcare Options -- Canada. According to Mhatre & Derber (1992), the 1984 Canada Health Act stated that: "The primary objective of Canadian health care policy is to protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well being of residents of Canada, and facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers" (p
The Angel in the House began as an ode to women, celebrating what was viewed as their most admirable qualities, but in reality it served to diminish women's autonomy and expressive ability by suggesting that these qualities represented not only the highest ideal for women, but the ultimate extent of their capability. In addition, this study contributes to an ongoing debate within rhetorical criticism, and especially feminist criticism, because it obviates what has been a major contention among feminist critics in recent decades; namely, that the traditional "appreciation for the power and eloquence of human speech" represent rhetoric as "a coercive, male-oriented practice" that should be replaced with a "study of 'communication,' understood as a feminine activity integrally associated with everyday life and egalitarianism" (Condit 91)
Thus, by her own account, Woolf's entry in the professional world was not met by many of the same difficulties and prejudices faced by women in other professions, difficulties that the Women's Service was specifically created to confront. Instead, as in a Room of One's Own, she describes facing a difficulty that was simultaneously deeply personal and unarguably social, because while she describes it as a personal battle, she is describing a particular notion of women that grew to prominence over the course of the nineteenth century and still holds some sway today, albeit far less that it once did (Fernald, "A Room of One's Own" 165)
Thus, by her own account, Woolf's entry in the professional world was not met by many of the same difficulties and prejudices faced by women in other professions, difficulties that the Women's Service was specifically created to confront. Instead, as in a Room of One's Own, she describes facing a difficulty that was simultaneously deeply personal and unarguably social, because while she describes it as a personal battle, she is describing a particular notion of women that grew to prominence over the course of the nineteenth century and still holds some sway today, albeit far less that it once did (Fernald, "A Room of One's Own" 165)
¶ … Professions for Women," in which she talks about "killing the Angel in the House," is an ideal artifact for ideological criticism, because Woolf is interested in simultaneously destroying a specific ideological product while creating one of her own. As Sandra Foss discusses in her book Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice, the goal of any ideological critique is to identify those traces of ideology that make themselves known in a rhetorical artifact, and to determine not only how the particular rhetoric supports this ideology, but also who this ideology affects and why (Foss 248)
This ideological critique of Virginia Woolf's "Professions for Women" contributes to the field of rhetorical criticism in general in a number of important ways. Firstly, it helps to reveal how dominant rhetorical devices in the form of ideographs can serve to repress and control individuals or groups, because these ideographs are usually constructed from privileged positions of authority that, through ostensibly "well-meaning" representations of certain groups, actually serve to hinder these groups both in language and action (Mao 418)
McGee argues "that ideology in practice is a political language, preserved in rhetorical documents," and as such, can be identified in rhetorical artifacts via the "vocabulary of ideographs" frequently deployed in speech. Here it is important to note the importance of context, because in general McGee identifies ideographs as particular words, but one need not view these specific words as eternally and always ideographs; that is to say, these specific words may be identified as ideographs "by the usage of such terms in specifically rhetorical discourse, for such usage constitute excuses for specific beliefs and behaviors made by those who executed the history of which they were a part" (McGee 16)
She suggests that it is actually her audience who will answer this question, those women "who are in process of showing us by [their] experiments what a woman is, who are in process of providing us, by [their] failures and successes, with that extremely important piece of information" (Woolf, Women and Writing 60). Here, Woolf essentially predicts the difficulties faced by subsequent "waves" of feminism, because "the struggle to define and claim feminist identity" depends most essentially on multifarious and problematic constructions of what it means to be a woman (Tate 1)
This critique will provide valuable insights into both the way ideology presents itself in rhetoric as well as how rhetorical criticism in general can benefit from a more precise accounting of the methods and functions of ideology above and beyond traditional divisions and genres of rhetorical device. Woolf's essay "Professions for Women" is adapted from a 1931 speech she gave to the London and National Women's Service (now named the Fawcett Society after its founder, Millicent Fawcett), and although the actual text of the speech is a bit longer than the eventual essay, it seems fair, at least in the context of ideological criticism, to discuss the essay rather than the speech, because (as would be expected) the essay represents a refinement of Woolf's overall argument and rhetoric that retains the ideologically important aspects of the original speech without the unnecessary inclusion of "canceled passages and alternative wordings" (Woolf, Women and Writing 57)
This critique will provide valuable insights into both the way ideology presents itself in rhetoric as well as how rhetorical criticism in general can benefit from a more precise accounting of the methods and functions of ideology above and beyond traditional divisions and genres of rhetorical device. Woolf's essay "Professions for Women" is adapted from a 1931 speech she gave to the London and National Women's Service (now named the Fawcett Society after its founder, Millicent Fawcett), and although the actual text of the speech is a bit longer than the eventual essay, it seems fair, at least in the context of ideological criticism, to discuss the essay rather than the speech, because (as would be expected) the essay represents a refinement of Woolf's overall argument and rhetoric that retains the ideologically important aspects of the original speech without the unnecessary inclusion of "canceled passages and alternative wordings" (Woolf, Women and Writing 57)
Above all, be pure" (Woolf, Women and Writing 59). The Angel in the House represents the variety of "invisible presences' that shape our responses" to everyday experience, and what psychologists have occasionally referred to as "phantom communities" made up of our voices, both real and fictional, that inform decision-making (Zwerdling 184)
But in such things as rehanging the pictures, deciding on a summer boarding-place, taking a seaside cottage, repapering rooms, choosing seats at the theatre, seeing what the children ate when she was not at table, shutting the cat out at night, keeping run of calls and invitations, and seeing if the furnace was dampered, he had failed her so often that she felt she could not leave him the slightest discretion in regard to a flat." (Howells Part First, Chapter XI) Notice the numerous responsibilities undertaken by Mrs