435) This includes such systems as UMTS and CDMA2000 which are "based on a more flexible but also a more complex Wideband Code Division Multiple radio Access scheme (W-CDMA)." (Amaldi, Capone and Malucelli, 2008, p
1) T The Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) are stated to form "an important niche in wireless area technology that are particularly applicable for applications demanding low data rate transfer, limited range, low power consumption as well as requiring devices to be physically small and of low cost." (Kennedy and Hunt, 2008, p
1) Security architecture "specifies how to incorporate the needed cryptographic methodologies and the security functions (key management) into the system to meet the defined security requirements." (Liu and Koenig, 2008, p
14) It is stated by Fayssal, Al-Nashif, Kim, and Hairiri (2008) that the WRAN utilizes what is known as 'channel hopping' between different channels and this provides some security to attacks in the nature of eavesdropping and MITM attacks however this still leaves the WMANs vulnerable to what are called 'physical layer' attacks and include the DoS attacks. (Rieser, Rondeau, and Bostian, 2004, as cited in Fayssal, Al-Nashif, Kim, and Hairiri, 2008, p
We also present WSPS as a case study of this framework." (Sinha, et al
Following the development of the IEEE 802.11b standard or WiFi (Wireless Fidelity), countless wireless network cards and wireless access points with data rates up to 54 million bits per second have been manufactured and marketed for sale across the globe (Blosser, 2002)
Therefore, new methods to accomplish file transfers and data synchronization must be recognized. A concept entitled Bluetooth, a cooperative effort by a group of firms seeking an effective solution to wireless problems, was developed to enable wireless communication between small, mobile devices (Barnes, 2002)
Specifically, in the cellular industry, newer, smarter antenna technologies are helping to reduce signal interference and the number of dropped calls that are often experienced by users in an annoying fashion. Such industry players as Ericsson, Lucent Technologies, Motorola, and Nokia are leading the way to the antenna revolution of the twenty-first century (Bruno, 2002)
In other words, industry experts are more concerned with their bottom lines and their sales growth than the health hazards that may result from regular cellular phone usage. According to the book, the authors provide a variety of simple suggestions for regular users of cellular phones to prevent potential health problems, including the following (Carlo
The first Mac laptop was introduced in 1991, weighed 5.1 pounds, and could only hold up to 8 megabytes of RAM (Dianis, 2003)
The additional cost of providing the sophisticated hardware necessary to making it work. Wireless provides functionality in a wide variety of ways, but the primary concepts of all wireless products is that they are portable and do not require costly installation as a result of cables and wires (Egan, 1997)
The IEEEE 802.11b WLAN connections are very common in home networking technologies and wireless Internet access points (Frenzel, 2002)
27). The following steps can be taken in order to protect wireless networks (McCollum, 2002): Treat wireless networks as untrusted outside networks and connect them through a virtual private network (VPN) Utilize a strong authentication system for users logging onto the system Setup a filtering system that controls network addresses by using the user's Internet protocol or media access control addresses Require all uses to have personal firewall software installed on their own computers to enhance all possible security measures Turn off the broadcast feature of WAPs so that they don't advertise their presence to war drivers
" Although the presence of these statistics is rather alarming, some cellular technology firms recognized the importance of providing information regarding radiation emissions to the general buying public: "Though they still maintained that phones posed no risk, the biggest phone manufacturers - including Nokia, Motorola, and Ericsson - agreed in the summer of 2000 to provide radiation data with all new phones sold. Though the move would do nothing to protect consumers, it would protect these companies from suits charging they hadn't provided enough risk information" (Murray, 2001)
As the concept that new technology should be increasingly centered on the user continues to emerge, a new form of wireless technology that is significant is the Personal Network (PN), whereby the scope of the Personal Area Network (PAN) is expanded to address virtual environments that span a variety of networks and infrastructures. A variety of situations exist in which Personal Networks may be useful methods of communication, including the following: health-monitoring applications, walking through buildings, business environments extended from the office to the car, and telepresence scenarios (Niemegeers & De Groot, 2002)
For example, as more and more individuals utilize the Internet to accommodate a variety of concerns and interests, they are increasingly attracted to new areas of knowledge and education. Wireless technology can even function to democratize access to information and empower decision makers (Saye, 2002)
57). In the United States, the current and future market drivers are heading in the direction of new developments in networking architectures, the emergence of new standards, and advances in packet data transmission (Shah et al
police departments. Subsequent developments included the most recent era of cellular technology, starting with analog cellular and concluding with broadband cellular (Steinbock, 2002)
As a result, PCS systems were required to make a large investment to acquire licenses and were also required to serve 37.5% of its assigned geographical market area in the first five years and 75% within ten years, which created intense pressure to extend systems as rapidly as possible (Wikle, 2002)