government has also stepped up its surveillance system constructing a highly intricate and controversial eavesdropping data-system base that is run by the National Security Agency and contains trillions of e-mails, web searches and commercial transactions." (McGregor 2011))
The Arab summit in Tunis gave a lot for the members to ponder over. Their disunity, contradictions and discord spelled out the reasons for their failures since the League's beginnings in 1944 (Bhadui 2004)
It has demonstrated effectiveness on a lower level, such as in developing school curricula, preserving manuscripts and translating modern technical terminology and establishing a regional telecommunications union (BBC News). The proposal of Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, which was supported by the Arab League, indicated the Arab world's growing recognition of the right of Israel to exist (Bush 2002)
Proposed Reform US President George W. Bush emphasized that democratic change could help win the war on terror (Gwertzman 2004)
Critics commented that the Arab world could only watch and wait for the next summit or start the process of reform, whichever would come first (Bhadui). The root of the trouble, which has plagued the Arab League, derives from the fact that the entire Moslem region is totally dysfunctional in any language (Harari 2004)
The view was for other Arab countries to rise to the challenge and accept Israel as a nation and as a neighbor (Bush). Arab Vision of Peace The Palestinian Authority, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and the Arab League formulated an Arab vision of advancing the peace process in the region and submitted the document to the United Nations Security Council (Nahmias 2006)
The United States was unusually reluctant in supporting the proposal, considering its urge for elected governments and the need for Palestinian reform as necessary for the peace process (Gwertzman). National Reconciliation Conference After a five-day visit to Iraq, Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa claimed that he had succeeded in convincing the Kurds and Shi'ite and Sunni Arabs to convene at a national reconciliation conference in Cairo (Ridolfo 2005)
Eventually, those who drafted the constitution agreed to amend the text to stte that Iraq's "Arab people are part of the Arab nation (Ridolfo)." Peace Plan The United States, Russia, the European Union and the United Nations shared a common vision of a second Arab State evolving from the former Palestine (Singer 2007)
Writing in 1982 and long before the Soviet's would actually retreat from Afghanistan one expert notes that; So far they have resulted in the slaughter of about 10% of the Afghan people and the forced migration of another 25%, now refugees in neighboring countries, as well as the destruction of villages, agriculture, and the foundations of a prosperous economy which the Afghan people, after a respite from foreign intervention, were beginning to achieve. (Assifi, 1982, p
Since the fall of the communist regime, the infighting has sharply escalated, and thou- sands of Afghans have perished. (Carpenter, 1994, p
Accusations of mismanagement and obvious failure to unite the nation are still evident in the minds of man Afghans. (Donini, Niland, & Wermester, 2004, p
Despite the high hopes of Afghanis and all those who had supported their bid for independence on the eave of the withdrawal the political, cultural and social climate of the country did not easily meet the best practices associated with unification and rebuilding. (Hauner & Canfield, 1989, p
supported regime a tribal coalition of "mujahidin" or "Islamic warriors" had been successful in forcing the Soviet Union to withdraw after a lengthy war but had been unable to hold the nation together, which resulted in the takeover of the nation by the Taliban has largely been reinstated into positions of power in the nation. (Jalali, 2006, p
Afghanistan's post-conflict recovery, transition and development cannot be realized while its security situation continues to languish. (Martin, 2008, p
These are the people who are being elected. (Ponzio, 2007, p
The Taliban were the product of this long descent into impunity and societal breakdown. (Renner, 2002, p
The Afghanis had not by any circumstances won the war; they had simply outlasted Soviet resources and the political climate that allowed the Soviet government to occupy a sovereign nation, under duress. (Rogers, 1992, p
193). In terms of solving some of the questions about Afghanistan it is important to understand "mujahideen"? An article in the journal International Peacekeeping (Bhatia
.created initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Pakistani ISI" (Cogan, 2008)
J. Gohari writes (Gohari 31) that "Taliban" literally means "students" in Arabic; but the Persian form of "tabid" means "religious student