e., public opinion regarding accepted norms of behavior); and three, "conscience, the small voice within, be it the voice of God or the voice of society internalized" (Davis 46)
" So, to capsule Holstun's take on Oceana, during the political democratic process, everyone is in view of everyone else and there is a hit of paranoia; but is that better than being under the watchful eye of a government that dictates? Critic J.C. Garrett (Garrett 1968, p
DEFINITIONS of UTOPIA: JAMES HOLSTUN: In James Holstun's book, a Rational Millennium: Puritan Utopias of Seventeenth-Century England & America, the author offers a historical review of utopia as a blend of philosophy and literature, beginning with Socrates in Book 6 of the Republic. Socrates suggests in Book 6 that Greece must institute a "carefully applied program of educational discipline" (Holstun 36) and that will allow philosophers to reform the entire state, one person at a time
.as opposed to one governed by a king or the like; a commonwealth 1604" (Little, et al
For example, Ruth Levitas has taught courses on utopia as a lecturer in Sociology at the University of Bristol and helped launch the Utopian Studies Society in the UK. In her book, the Concept of Utopia (1990) which was reviewed in Science Fiction Studies by Tom Moylan of DePauw University, Levitas asserts that the "validity of utopia" is not "escapist nonsense but a significant part of human culture" (Moylan 1992)
With such luminaries as Bacon and Harrington, along with Campanella, people like Mary Astell gets lost. But according to editor Lyman Tower Sargent (Sargent 1988, p
By a Lover of her Sex, suggested the establishment of an institution where women would be able to live and work independently of men" (Sargent 16). In the critique of Astell's book by Christine Mason Sutherland ("Reclaiming Rhetorica: Women in the Rhetorical Tradition") Astell's Proposal (published in 1694) was "an immediate success, and it made her reputation" (Sutherland 1995)
In a "properly ordered society," he asserted, the "massive force of public law performs the function which in natural law theory ineptly is left altogether to a small voice so often still" (Davis 56). EASTERN DEFINITIONS of UTOPIA: BUDDHISM, DAOISM, and CONFUCIANISM: The Buddhism utopia is conceived in the "antithetical images of Heavenly Paradise and Hell" (Wu 1995, p
Jonestown, in Guyana, is a contemporary example of what would be classified as a utopian community.) In a wave of successfully created "utopian" architecture, modern architects from Virilio to Le Corbusier, Louis I Kahn and Aldo Van Eyck, invented welcoming environments that transcended the "limitations of both the postmodern and hyper-modern stance and orthodox modernist architecture" (Coleman, p
"There is no evidence for reuse of the archaic garden plots by later Maori who fished along the coasts" of Africa. Yet the small groups who created these gardens were dedicated gardeners and the restoration of their gardening practices is an important part of the research on these ancient cultures (Leach, p
Its architecture is conceived in terms of the linked ideas of architectural promenade and historical journey of one of America's most significant utopian communities. The ideal vision of the relationship between habitation and social life exists in the restored architecture of New Harmony (Meier)
These artists are sometimes called Post-Utopian Station artists, with the philosophy that does not bring in monetary, but historically valuable elements into the overall design. "Cutting-edge artists are now more likely to engage society rather than challenge it and, aside from a few controversy-courting show boaters, shy away from the spotlight rather than pursue rock-star status" (Neild 1) Gathering the philosophy of past utopias, the art of the garden, the earth, pottery, painting and literature, artists feeling the wave of the Utopian Revolution are quieter, more in tune with the earth and its inhabitants
Meanwhile I will range Maenalus amid the rout of Nymphs, or hunt the keep wild boar; no rigour of cold shall forbid me to encircle Parthenian glades with my hounds. Even now I think I pass among rocks and echoing groves, and delight to send the Cretan arrow spinning from a Parthian bow (Virgil, lines 31-60) Romanticism is a name that originally meant a harkening back to ancient Roman things, and another name for Utopia is Arcadia, as in Arcadia of Sannazaro, a romantic novel from the 1480s by Jacopo Sannazaro writing under the name "Actius Syncerus," and circulated in manuscript form before it was published
One scene recounted by Andrade is when Efuru was suspected of adultery and rumored to be ill as a result (99). The rumor breaks directly before Efuru is to be married and her fiance Gilbert believes the rumor (Andrade 99)
Her co-wife is present at the funeral and the protagonist is rightfully relieved when she returns to her home. (Ba 4, 8)
His audiences attracted despite their opposition of the idea of communalism as compared to private ownership of property. In regard to this point More maintains that, 'for when an insatiable wretch, who is a plague to his country, resolves to enclose many thousand acres of ground, the owners as well as tenants are turned out of their possessions, by tricks, or by main force' (More)
One recent article suggested that Americans can never form a consensus because of their individualism. The article states "there are moments when it can seem that each individual is his or her own idiosyncratic amalgam of beliefs, values and judgements" (Kuczewski, 2010, p
Even if the person has had an exemplary record, changes to the role assigned will not be considered or granted. Cultural differences A recent article espoused the existence of family enterprises that "widely exist in countries of the world" (Mengyun, Chuanming, 2012, p
. lies less in communitarianism, however, than in ecological efforts to restrain the growth of production and population in order to assure the survival of the species'" (Fitting, 2001, p
They are known for their craftsmanship and their longevity in the utopian community. One author notes, "No other community created and sustained its own modes in music, the crafts, and even in architecture as did the Shakers'" (Foster, 1991, p