2). The court also indicates that two reasons are behind the implementation of life sentences: deterrence and punishment (Warbrick et al
Many of these approaches utilize electronics and digital technology in order to enhance the innovations in their particular field. For instance the AbstractGenetic program "is a systematic method for getting computers to automatically solve problems" (AI EDAM, 2008, p
Other approaches that are included in Modern Systematic Innovation include the Function Analysis, ARIZ and Root Conflict Analysis. As one recent study found "with the rapid progress of modern civilization, creativity and innovation within a techno-economic perspective are becoming the major driving forces behind the sustainability of economic growth and competitive achievements" (Badran, 2007, p
However, they do provide for some components of innovation that should at least be considered when approaching projects that will affect society. As one recent study found; "in the future, scenario planning should incorporate the best current knowledge about how global economic and environmental trends will affect regions" (Bartholomew, Ewing, 2009, p
Much of the function analysis that is taking place is now handled by a myriad of software programs and computer enhancements. One study showed that "due to the rapid growth of technology and high level of industrial competition, the software development process has also become very complex" (Chatterjee, Nigam, Singh, Upadhyaya, 2011, p
If one knows the principles of innovation, then one can easily implement the technology necessary to innovate. As one convert to TRIZ states "since 98% of all new problems can be solved by previous experience, the huge effort that goes into 'trial and error' innovation is needless" (Dwyer, 2005, p
Scenario planning, or release planning, takes into consideration the necessary components needed to achieve the end result, while at the same time leaving enough room for additional components or ideas to be integrated. One recent study described planning in this manner "with the increasing size and complexity of software products, as well as with the growing demands for transparency and objectivity of decision-making, intuition alone is no longer sufficient" (Elroy, Ruhe, 2010, p
Another methodology used was developed in America by Fiatech. In 2004, a North Aemrican industry organization developed a Capital Projects Technology Roadmap (CPTR) that has as its goal to position "emerging technologies into an overall vision for the construction industry" (Froese, 2009, p
What is truly ironic is that in a paper discussing how TRIZ can be effectively used to innovate and invent, the distrust level concerning TRIZ stymies the very innovation being sought. Other experts have argued that TRIZ "enables you to focus your attention on finding genuine, potential solutions in contrast to searching for ideas that may work through a happenstance way" (Kutz, Stefan, 2007, p
For example, the standard Gaussian approach has been combined with both a linear and non-linear approach, providing a new way of seeing problems, and a new way of providing solutions. There is also the Switching Gaussian (SWIG) approach which is a "discretization scheme that overcomes several longstanding problems" (Lange, Herbert, 2010)
The Algorithm of Solving Inventive Problems (ARIZ) is often used by those individuals employing the TRIZ model of innovation. According to one expert, ARIZ utilizes "a process of problem reformulations, is logical and disciplined, continually reinterprets the problem and is the main TRIZ method for solving conflicts" (Marconi)
The Germans use metaplanning quite often and with a great deal of success through group discussions and scenarios. Another study determined that "proper solutions need communication a cooperation among different disciplines: ecology, economy, rural development, techniques, sociology, law, and so on" (Ortmann-Ajkai, 2009, p
In order to address this evolution and provide for a quick response to a world that is constantly changing in a myriad of ways, the TRIZ approach to innovations was created in Russia. The ARCH model "characterizes the distribution of the stochastic error conditional on the realized values of the set of variables" (Perrilli, 2001, p
To ensure the correct analysis a number of possible numerical approaches can be used; "the finite difference method, the spectral element method, the boundary element method, the finite element method, the finite volume method, etc." (Semblat, 2011, p
Of course human genetic engineering can be quite different than civil engineering, but the concept of innovation runs true through much of the literature no matter the underlying field of study. One recent study determined that "evolution of technology is not a random process; instead it is governed by a number of trends and regularities" (Souchkov, 2007, p
The London brewery primarily makes Budweiser. While a good candidate for production, this brewery is slated for closure (Champ, 2010)
Some established brands in the segment have seen sharp sales declines, while new brands are experiencing very strong growth. For example, SAB Miller's stable of premium lagers grew 42% that year (McNamee, 2007)
This relates to the financial problems that the country is facing in the aftermath of the global economic crisis. Yet the country's ministers have assured that they "will not make the sick pay for Labour's debt crisis […] and ministers could not 'sit back' and put more taxpayers' money into an unreformed system" (Mulholland, 1)
The frequent layers of clay, often 5 metres thick produce slip zones where one layer can slide upon another with through flow water acting as a lubricant. The slope in Jackfield has been subjected to rapid degradation by melt waters during the last glacial period and the high groundwater levels associated with post glacial conditions (Bentleya & Siddle, 1990)
In addition, river erosion undercut the valley sides and removes support at the slopes along the Salthouse Road. Besides, valley development has initiated a cycle of land sliding activity as slope processes strive to reach equilibrium (deBoer, 1992)