This paper highlights some of the causes, effects, treatment, and the importance of treatment for youth engaging with substance abuse. Despite being able to obtain hard drugs such as cocaine with little strain, most statistics show that the current, crucial problem with most adolescents is wit alcohol abuse (Turkum, 2011, pg 128)
Unlike adults who at one point in life will seek professional help on account to such incidents, adolescents will fail to seek such help. Adding to that, they often resist help whenever offered (Undheim et al
The fact that adolescents with schizophrenia experience the world on a different perspective from others, they communicate illogically, in a disorganized manner, and imaginary. This makes it hard for patients to establish credible friendships with the outside world (Vinet and Faundez, 2012, pg 206)
108). In fact, a study of the New York City jail system showed that TB infection and progression to active TB disease take place at higher rates in individuals with more frequent incarceration and longer total time spent in jail (Braithwaite et al
As with a number of other infectious diseases, though, there are a variety of causes or combinations of causes that can contribute to such higher incidence of TB among prison populations. For example, prisoners are especially susceptible to infection tuberculosis than other members of the community (Wilcox, Hammett, Widom & Epstein, 1996) and this higher rate of tuberculosis infection is consistent with the fact that prisoners typically come from lower socio-economic backgrounds and because TB is an airborne infection, overcrowded housing conditions associated with poverty facilitate its spread (Coyle, Campbell & Neufeld, 2003)
Unfortunately, if tuberculosis infection is not correctly assessed and treated among in-coming prisoners, and an infected prisoner develops active tuberculosis, the extraordinarily high-density prison environment is the perfect setting for the disease to spread (Coyle et al., 2003); however, previous studies have identified deficiencies in tracking inmate tuberculosis status that have made such assessments problematic (Dolovich, 2005)
68). This outbreak of TB was responsible for the deaths of 36 prisoners and one correctional officer, as well as the infection of a number of healthcare employees with a strain of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (Dooley, Jarvis, Martone & Snider, 1992)
Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework to be followed in the proposed study follows the precepts of public health model wherein the goal is to effect substantive changes in health standards and practices by public health administrators. This conceptual framework is congruent with the growing body of evidence showing that major changes in health behavior can be achieved by the public health sector, and that these changes in behavior are credibly associated with public health communication, including both deliberate communication programs and normal media coverage of health issues (Hornik, 2002)
In addition to clinical skills, prison healthcare workers are required to draw upon custodial and people skills and seek to establish and maintain positive relationships with prisoners. Working as a team member or individually, healthcare workers will need to be aware of the pressure felt by patients and colleagues" (Howard, pp
Given the many different policy options and the difficulty of evaluation, however, it may take decades to build up a reasonably extensive evidence base. It is therefore better to be pragmatic and to be prepared to decide for the implementation of policies and interventions in the absence of full documentation of their effectiveness" (Mackenbach and Bakker, p
For example, prisoners are especially susceptible to infection tuberculosis than other members of the community (Wilcox, Hammett, Widom & Epstein, 1996) and this higher rate of tuberculosis infection is consistent with the fact that prisoners typically come from lower socio-economic backgrounds and because TB is an airborne infection, overcrowded housing conditions associated with poverty facilitate its spread (Coyle, Campbell & Neufeld, 2003). Whatever its source, medical experts recommend swift and accurate diagnoses for TB in these institutionalized populations because early diagnosis can literally mean the difference between life and death (Mueller, 1996)
100). Rationale of the Proposed Study As early as 1904, prison management officials have recognized the need for improved care and education of inmates to help stem the incidence of TB in their institutions and to prevent its subsequent spread to the community at large (Roe, 2007)
108). Not surprisingly, infection rates for tuberculosis among inmates in federal and state prisons are far greater than for the American population as a whole (Smith, 2006; Louis, 2002)
Alternate Hypothesis (#2): A tuberculosis (TB) prevention and TB treatment intervention on males whom have been diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI) or active TB disease (TB) and are newly released from New York City Correctional facilities will reduce the rates of infection. Background and Significance The United States incarcerates more of its citizens than any other country in the world today with some concomitant implications for healthcare providers responsible for this population (Stanko, Gillespie & Crews, 2004)
Indeed, American Lung Association (2004) considers tuberculosis as the an "ancient scourge," gaining prevalence in the 19th century and resurging once again in the 21st century, despite medical technologies developed to curb the said airborne disease. Tuberculosis is an airborne disease that is characterized chronic or acute bacterial infection that attacks the lungs, and can also affect other parts and vital organs of the body, such as the bones, skin, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and the neck (affecting the lymph nodes) (Reichman, 2002:14)
"Unemployment rates for individuals younger than 25 are currently 21% in the euro area and 19% in the U.S." (Branchflower 2010)
There has been little of the promised growth in new or 'green' industries and while fewer people are losing jobs, new jobs are not being generated. While immediately after the credit crisis, there were predictions in Vanity Fair magazine that the Gilded Age had ended, and Wall Street brokers would switch from $1,950 bottles of wine to $15 dollar vino, salaries of the most affluent members of the financial community have been restored, while the fortunes of middle-to-lower class Americans flounder (Ferguson 51)
"A diverse cast of characters combined to launch the once-in-a-lifetime housing boom of the past five years. Traditional mortgage companies and banks unleashed a barrage of loans, many to borrowers with iffy credit histories who didn't bother to read the fine print about upwardly mobile interest rates" (Der Hovanesian 2007)
All those measures reached a peak between November 2007 and June 2008, the NBER said. In addition, the NBER also considers the gross domestic product, which is the reading most typically associated with a recession" (Isidore 2008)
They kept rates below 2% for 36 months, and at 1% for over a year. This was unprecedented" in the history of the Fed as an institution (Ritholtz 2010)