In case of torture it does not matter if you are militia, government or the police force your major duty is to serve the country and the people in it and to protect their rights. Research has clearly shown that it is only one third of the time that torture usually works since the person being tortured will say anything in order for the torture to be stopped therefore, the information being given by the tortured doesn't necessarily have to be correct (Waldron and Colin, 2007)
Accountability to another person or body requires some agreement concerning the action or the end result. It is evident that a principal cannot effectively bring about the responsible conduct of public affairs, unless elaborate techniques make explicit what purposes and activities are involved in all the many different phases of public policy (Friedrich)
This is clearly a conflict of policy as well as no clear definition of what consists of with al Qaeda. Assuming causality is a nonexperimental approach that assumes a connection between the availability or level of a program and a condition in the target population (Rosembloom)
S. The Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution (Dershowitz 2002) and general moral objection to torture prohibit the torturing of criminal suspects and prisoners
Recent experiences with individuals questioned under questionable conditions approaching torture in connection with the Global War on Terror corroborate this particular concern and valuable resources have been allocated (and wasted) acting on such false information elicited under torture by proxy in Saudi Arabia, for just one contemporary example (Scheuer 2004). Ironically, torture is least likely to be effective when the suspect is motivated by fanatical religious beliefs (Scheuer 2004), such as that which characterizes those accounting for the primary contemporary terrorist threat to the American Homeland and foreign interests (Dyer, et al
The fundamental conceptual problem with the use of torture as punishment is that it relies on subjective opinion to justify its use with respect to specific crimes deemed sufficiently egregious to warrant such punishment. Furthermore, the purposeful infliction of pain and humiliation in others utterly without cause is acutely susceptible to some of the worst unconscious human tendencies, as demonstrated by the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment conducted in 1970 by Stanford professor of psychology, Phillip Zimbardo (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005)
S. shares friendly relations where torture is not prohibited by law (Scheuer 2004)
In addition, letters were written noting that: Psychologists may not work in detention settings that violate international conventions against torture except if they are providing treatment to military personnel, or if they are working on behalf of detainees under the aegis of independent human rights organizations. At present, in 2011, psychologists continue to work on Behavioural Consultation Teams and as detainee counsellors in Guantanamo Bay in violation of the referendum (Aalbers, D
Soon, President Bush drew a lot of domestic and international criticisms for his choice of disregarding the Geneva Conventions provisions in the inhumane interrogation of detainees captured in Middle East. President Bush promised to protect Americans "against terror and lawless violence" (Bassiouni, 2010, p
An APA member may, though, act as a consulting psychologist act to counsel service personnel or in the direct form of human rights and/or mental health for detainees. The issue is that the psychologist may not use their professional role to aid in any interrogation method that might be construed as illegal or inhumane (Behnke, 2007, p
Philosophers developed ethical decision making and an understanding of ethics within the context of decision-making. For instance, "It is hoped that what happens between people can be accounted for by discussion or reasonable negotiation of what should happen (or what actually occurred" (Cottone, 2001, p
Constitution or international law…. The APA Ethics code makes it clear there is no defense under the Code for violating a detainee's human rights (Garrison & Behnke, 2010, par
Soon, Military Order of November 13, 2001 was signed by President Bush, which authorizes use of special military courts to try detainees in foreign countries. Even though the order promised prisoners would receive humane treatments, the Bush Administration said that Geneva Conventions was not applicable to them (Goldsmith, 2012, p
government argued that it was solely the work of a couple soldiers. However, the truth is that prisoner abuses have expanded with the soldiers knowing that it is possible for them to get away with such atrocious actions, making a detainees' position quite precarious (Hersh, 2007)
This is clearly a gray area, and even recent meetings of the APA find no true 100% consensus on the subject. In fact, The APA's work [is] respectful of the importance and complex of the issue and was intended to provide ethical guidance to its members and send an unambiguous and emphatic message to the public: The world's largest association of psychologists recognizes the valuable and ethical contributions of its members involved in work related to our nation's security and forcefully condemns and will not tolerate torture (Laurence & Matthews, 2012, p
In response to the violations of such rights during some of the 20th century, the international community established some basic laws that were meant to transcend other documents and provide a way to structure the issue. In a special vote, APA members approved a resolution that prohibits any psychologist from working in "detainee settings in which international law or the Constitution of the United States is violated" (Martin, 2008, par
One must also remember that as a member of the armed services, legal implications are different that civil law -- thus we see a dilemma in utilitarianism and deontology. The utilitarian view would hold that if the greatest good can be served, then the action is right; for deontology, it is the means or the path that sets the moral and ethical character of the action (White, 2009)
The Detainee Treatment Act, sponsored by Senator John McCain sponsored the Detainee Treatment Act, states that "no court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider…an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the Department of Defence at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba." President Bush allowed the bill following a statement saying that he will interpret the bill " in a manner consistent with the constitutional authority of the President to supervise the unitary executive branch, which will assist in achieving the shard objective of the Congress and the President of protecting the American people from future terrorist attacks" (Worthington, 2006, II-6)
APA's president issued a press release indicating that the policy had been approved by the APA Council of Representatives, when it was never submitted. Certainly, this indicates clear bias and a rush to approve a document that was not in line with the majority of members, and was subsequently revised (Zakaria, 2011, par
S. In an interview about the book he states, "In the deepest darkest days of the Cold War initially as a defensive move, the CIA launched a massive mind control project to crack the code of human consciousness, a veritable Manhattan project of the mind with research expenses reaching up to $1 billion a year" (Jones, 2006)