The article alludes to studies that show reasons why vis-a-vis adolescent become substance users. It goes into detail to reflect that misbehavior in school and "peer encouragement of misbehavior" are "positively associated with substance use at age 14 and with increased use over time" (Bryant, 2003, p
The seventh URL on the first page is a one-minute video on YouTube showing an African-American youth packing a cigar with marijuana. A research article in the Journal of School Health (Johnson, et al
" Of youth may help them "negotiate transitions to high school or college and avoid health risks." The Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory and Application (Monti, 2007) published a report that a substantial number of adolescents are using the Internet to "exchange information about drug use
Do tobacco manufacturers manipulate the menthol content of cigarettes in order to target young adults? The answer is "yes." Indeed, tobacco firms do manipulate the menthol content, according to a report in the American Journal of Public Health (Kreslake, et al
" These data are based on schools that have "required instruction" in those areas of health education. An article in the Journal of School Health (Summerlin-Long, 2008) details "tobacco-free school" (TFS) policies; the article references "positive reports" from "key informants" in 46 school districts in North Carolina that had passed TFS policies between December 2001 and August 2005
It was not long after Columbus's journey that the trend began to erupt all over Europe. European explorers and missionaries even wrote treatises on the use of the plant for medicinal purposes (Charlton 2004)
Corporate stakeholder safety issues include limiting the amount of tar and nicotine in cigarettes, obtaining warning labels for developing country cigarette sales, modifying advertising as not to court the younger generations, and cigarette smuggling, as well as other issues. As far as the tobacco industry's response to these issues, Crosby recounts that the religious shareholders have "had slight success among tobacco companies," but have made a larger impact on other corporations, those who were "quietly benefiting" from their business dealings with the tobacco industry (Crosby 2000)
edu/health/syllabi/tobacco/ "Reynolds American: 6% Yield Shows Commitment to Shareholders." (2008)
C. when Native Americans began to use the plant in religious ceremonies and as a medicine (Randall 1999)
61 a year. In totality, this means a developing country looses just under $500 million each year because of its smokers (Van Riper 2007)
Indeed, Vince (2004) suggests that cigarette smoke may even be more harmful than the exhaust given off by a typical car, as cigarette smoke contains more toxins that can be breathed into a person's body. A person's eyes, lungs, and respiratory tract can be damaged just from breathing second hand smoke (Vince 2004)
2. Should the FDA regulate tobacco? What are the key arguments for and against involvement of the FDA in restricting or banning the sale or promotion of tobacco products? Testimony and other evidence discovered in connection with the tobacco suits that precipitated the 1997 settlement established that nicotine content of cigarettes is precisely controlled and adjusted for the purpose of inducing addiction rather than for taste" as previously maintained by tobacco industry executives in congressional hearings (Lehrer 1998)
Was it ethical for the tobacco industry to continue to market cigarettes, even after evidence emerged that smoking caused lung cancer and other illnesses? Purely from a rule utilitarian and personal rights perspective, it is difficult to justify so-called vice legislation, because governmental paternalism conflicts with individual freedoms of adults to make choices for themselves. From a more general functional utilitarianism perspective and general principles of justice in society, certain personal vices require legislation, simply because even their personal use harms society as a whole (Taylor, 1989)
For this reason, it is very rare for smokers to use tobacco too infrequently to become chronic daily users In contrast, most alcohol users do not partake so often that it compromises their physical health. The dramatic long-term medical consequences of long-term tobacco use are universal as well as predictable; in fact, the medical community is united in the position that tobacco use causes more preventable illness and death than all forms of criminal violence, alcohol-related automobile accidents, non-alcohol-related automobile accidents, and all illicit drug use combined (Brecher, 1972)
Technically, private alcohol consumption is not regulated by the federal government because the minimum statutory age of lawful use is regulated by the individual states. In practice, however, the national drinking age is 21, but because all 50 states have decided, individually, to adopt the same minimum age (21) necessary to qualify for federal highway funds, for which that is a necessary prerequisite (Dershowitz, 2002)
Alcohol regulation is the model for the logical application of laws that are appropriate, precisely because the different levels of permissibility correspond directly to conduct that affects only the user in the first instance; conduct that has the potential to affect others, but only in relatively minor ways; and conduct that has the potential to cause significant harm to others, respectively. Private use of alcohol is not subject to paternalistic legislation at all, and, as a matter of fact, alcoholism is a definite problem for significant percentage of users (Miller, 1983)
Alcohol, Tobacco, And Marijuana: The Argument for Unifying Vice Enforcement Legislation Argument - Unified Paternalism Government paternalism refers to the governmental exercise of legislative or regulatory authority over the individual for his benefit rather than for the benefit of others in society (Taylor, 1982)
A popular anti-smoking campaign (the-truth.org) has had a great deal of success showing how the tobacco companies re-tooled Joe the Camel to become attractive to children, how the heads of the companies sought to deceive the public, and how many people have and will die as a result of tobacco use - all through advertising (Hemphill, 2002)
Wine coolers, Zima, and other flavored alcohol beverages have been clearly targeted at women, and wine advertising has continued to be aimed at the "discerning" consumer. Beer advertisements show lots of average guys and very hot and sexy women associated with a particular brand (Messner & Montez, 2005)
Vice advertising really began once a particular vice could be exported beyond the boundaries of a community, or when a second competing vice-outlet became available. Looking first at tobacco products, one of the first known tobacco advertisements in America appeared in 1789 with ads in a local New York paper (Pritcher, 2007)