178). As for Chapter 1 in particular, Brunnholzl addresses the apparent absurdity of the Heart Sutra in that it appears to negate all principles on which Buddhism is based, including conceptual frameworks, belief systems and reference points of the spiritual path (Brunnholzl, 2012, p
Buddhism -- the Heart Attack Sutra The Craziness of the Heart Sutra Before specifically referring to Chapter 1, one should note that the difficulty of a Western mind readily understanding the tenets and nuances of Buddhist thought are made abundantly clear in reading Brunnholzl's book. Epstein points out just such a problem when he explores the difficulty of translating Buddhist philosophy to workable 21st Century psychotherapy, for several reasons: differences in languages and thought processes (Epstein, 2007, p
Sam is a teenager and, as if this wasn't a complex enough time for a child, his life has been made increasingly complex with his mother leaving for such a long period of time and a new caretaker coming in to help. Longitudinal studies have shown that divorce can rearrange parent-child relations (Alquilino 1994) and though this isn't a case of a divorce, the mother has been absent for a year-and-a-half, which also has got to have some effect on parent-child relations in this specific case
S. children had a least 1 parent in the military (Chandra, Lara-Cinisomo, Jaycox, Tanielian, Burns, Ruder & Han, 2010), which leads us to question, what is the experience of parental deployment and absence for youth from families with a parent in the military? What if the parent returns with a disorder such as PTSD and/or depression? What is the toll that it takes on the family? The DSM-IV-TR states that relational problems "include patterns of interaction between or among members of a relational unit that are associated with clinically significant impairment in functioning, or symptoms among one or more members of the relational unit, or impairment in the functioning of the relational unit itself" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p
There could be other problems that she is facing -- like substance abuse issues, which could, in fact, be manifested in the same type of symptoms that Shirley is facing. Though rates of alcohol use and binge-drinking are virtually the same across military and civilian samples (Witkiewitz & Estrada 2011), substance abuse is still a major problem in the United States and thus it should not be something that is overlooked because a quicker diagnosis can be made with PTSD
One of the central components of Buddhist ideology is that one can actually control one's thoughts and perceptions by ridding oneself of all of one's desires. This notion is somewhat akin to the fact that gestalt therapy is based on an immediacy that precludes a lot of different factors, such as "explanations and interpretations" which "are considered less reliable than what is directly perceived and felt" (Yontef, 1993)
Also, it has to be held true that whatever can be reasonably done to make mental health improvements more long-lasting and more expedient should proceed at a diligent and reasonable pace. Unless it is clear that taking a certain path would do more harm than good, then the therapist should at least try to accommodate (Corsini & Wedding, 2013)
One of the areas of psychology that received considerable early attention was behaviorism. It is important to understand that behaviorism did not simply develop as an adjunct of the science of psychology, but was influenced by the "philosophical, social, cultural, political, and ethical context in which it [was] embedded" (Fishman & Franks, Year)
As Peter sat eating his favorite foods, a caged rabbit was brought into the room at sufficient distance not to interfere with his eating. Over time, the rabbit was brought progressively closer until it was close enough for him to touch" (Glass & Arnkoff, Year)
While nonmedical interventions were generally dismissed, "at least some nonmedical practices were no longer widely regarded by either professionals or the general public as quackery. An important contributor to the increased acceptance and status of nonmedical therapies was their enhanced relationship with science" (O'Donohue & Krasner, Year)
These new treatment modalities take the basic building blocks of behaviorism and apply them to specific scenarios. Those scenarios can be relatively diverse and include areas such as acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, functional analytic psychotherapy, and integrative behavioral couple therapy (Ost, 2008)
While Pavlov's early work was experimental and descriptive, his students began to dabble in how Pavlov's techniques could be used for behavior modification. In fact, "behavior therapy has benefited enormously from the methodologically sophisticated procedure for the conditioning of neurotic or anxiety reactions pioneered by Pavlov and his students" (Wolpe & Plaud, 1997)
Of course, when assessing a therapy, the most critical question may be "Does it work?" Aaron Beck first posed this question in 1976, and, in a 1993 article he examined the efficacy of cognitive therapy for treating various psychological disorders. He found mixed support for the treatment, but significant empirical support for its efficacy in a number of different disorders, with a wide range of populations, settings, and formats (Beck, 1993)
Vicki Gluhoski believes that cognitive therapy has been improperly evaluated by many mental health professionals and, in a 1994 article, did her best to dispel some of the myths that she felt plagued the science. The first of those myths was the idea that cognitive therapy focuses solely on symptom reduction and ignores personality reorganization (Gluhoski, 1994)
Instead, he discovered a prominent theme of defeat and a pervasive negative bias. He then began to develop a theory centered on the premise that the symptoms of depression could be conceived of as a direct result of this negative cognitive bias" (Robins & Hayes, 1993)
"Cognitive neuroscience takes an integrative position and seeks to understand how mind emerges from brain. Connectionism is a facet of computational neuroscience that endeavors to show how psychology emerges from functioning networks" (Tryon, 2009)
When any of the three forces become unbalanced in any way, this can led to a variety of psychological disorders. The original concept of the ego has been explained through a variety of metaphors; however Freud's (1923) concept was elegantly defined in its origination (Berzoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2008): In its relation to the id (the ego) is like a person on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength while the ego uses borrowed forces
However, despite the popularity of medical interventions to treat depression, there is also a substantial amount of conflicting results in academic literature. For example another study that compared a group of cardiac patients that took different medications for depression, to those who simply exercised as a way to reduce depression (Blumenthal, 2011)
The professional identity process is dynamic and develops over time. One qualitative study focused on the development of this professional identity and found that conflict resolution was one of the most salient factors that influence the development of a professional identity (Brott & Myers, 2011)
The different phases each have an objective that must be accomplished successfully or else if the goal is not reached, the person becomes fixated at the uncompleted stage, which creates a psychological imbalance. The five stages are: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital (Cherry, N