Failure to employ universal definitions of youth gangs and gang membership has numerous implications for gang research and gang-related public policy. (Esbensen et al
Understanding these social actors is crucial to fashioning public policies and building social movements that can both reduce violence and erode the deep-seated inequalities that all too often are reinforced by present economic, social, and military policies. (Hagedorn, 2005,-Page 153) Gangs in the 21st century, for example, provide insight into the long-reaching affects of globalization
First, the perceptions that youth gangs exist and are a danger to the community will almost inevitably generate action on the part of authorities, regardless of what is happening at the grassroots level. Secondly, analysis suggests that the political and economic conditions for potential growth in gang-related behaviour presently exist, and that action is required now in order to forestall future problems (White et al
However, in general "subcultures" are groups of people who share certain characteristic ways of thinking and acting while existing within a larger culture. (Jenks, 2005, p
Subcultures According to Schaefer, "each culture has a unique character," but this character is the result of the variety of "subcultures" found within a culture. (Schaefer, 2009, p
It is only in the more recent history of mankind that we find even though there continues to be war, there is also a heightened awareness of the need to come together in celebration of our cultural differences as a part of the history of humankind. Religion and cultural identities have brought mankind together, yet has been instrumental in keeping humankind separate and at war (Aitken, Ellen Bradshaw and Jennifer K
Those dynamics fall into subculture categories like religion, trade and exchange, the protections afforded the society in the action of warfare, and the technology that is created to support the society and to protect it; and the need to coordinate these subcultures and to organize it into an effective and cohesive working system gives rise to the state. Through archeological excavation and study and analysis remains and artifacts from the ancient civilizations, a pattern emerges in the socialization of the ancient society, the rise of its state, and, time and again, the demise of the ancient state (Lamberg-Karlovsky, C
Those dynamics fall into subculture categories like religion, trade and exchange, the protections afforded the society in the action of warfare, and the technology that is created to support the society and to protect it; and the need to coordinate these subcultures and to organize it into an effective and cohesive working system gives rise to the state. Through archeological excavation and study and analysis remains and artifacts from the ancient civilizations, a pattern emerges in the socialization of the ancient society, the rise of its state, and, time and again, the demise of the ancient state (Lamberg-Karlovsky, C
The existing bodies of works of the scholars and researchers whose work contributes to the understanding gained through this essay substantiate the rise of the nation-state governance through the unification of individual elements of the subculture. Roman Society There were people living in Western Europe before the ancient Romans expanded their empire into those locales (Maisels, Charles Keith, 2001: 1-2)
Rome will stand as the example cited here of the rise by warfare. China and Socialization China was a society that demonstrated early on in its history one of the necessary tools for moving toward the ideal of a nation-state, because it developed laws by which to bring together its population under a central governance by way of putting into writing laws for governance and morality (Peerenboom, R
" We see this culture rise as a result of their subsistent dependency, and they eventually came together in support of their needs as a society. Summary In summary, we find that humankind's first three million years demonstrate a pattern of moving towards an organized society (Wenke, Robert and Oslewski, Deborah, 2007:145-172)
This is not limited to computer technology. Any use of technology in a different way from what it was intended for can be considered hacking (Best, 2003)
This is not limited to computer technology. Any use of technology in a different way from what it was intended for can be considered hacking (Best, 2003)
) it is the belief that technology can be bent to new, unanticipated purposes that underpins hackers' collective imagination." (Holt, 2007)
This may include meeting physically, in the same room, to hack, or meeting virtually, via bulletin boards and other online areas, to exchange information. A new hacker typically is trained by a more experienced hacker, or, at the very least, draws on knowledge of hacking from online information (O'Neill, 2006)
They faced, along with other Asians, a great deal of discrimination in the U.S.(Daniels, 1977)
Many were middle-class, military or government officials who collaborated with the United States. During the subsequent chaos of the North Vietnamese takeover of South Vietnam, and the subsequent war in Cambodia, many of these Vietnamese were able to escape via the payment of bribes (Do, 1999)
There are many stories of children who spoke no English arriving in California schools, and graduating at the top of their class a few years later. (Kao, 1995) Their academic performance was so superior that it has been studied extensively
The children of Vietnamese immigrants, for the most part, excelled in U.S. schools (Zhou, 1998)
The concept of subculture is broadly defined in literature as a cultural group that exists within a larger culture and comprises of people having interests and beliefs at variance with the ones of the larger culture.In other words, subculture could be regarded as a subdivision of a larger national or global culture (Herzog, Mitchell & Soccio,1999)