This is when the writer will create content that will agree with audience and challenge their thinking. (Snyder, 2009, pp
This means that these kinds of cells have the same types of properties as embryos and can be utilized for similar kinds of purposes. (Yidrim, 2011, pp
In other conditions, such as bone fracture healing or cartilage repair, stem cells may offer improvement upon existing therapies. While a stem cell source could be found optimal for morphing into a specific cell which solves the symptomatic problems for inflicted patients, there is the issue of actually performing a successful long-term implant or how the patients' bodies react to it; for instance, the body might entail an adapting process which renders the new cells useless, risk inappropriate cell migration, tumor formation, hemorrhage during transplant intervention or postoperative infection (Ahsan 28)
While a stem cell source could be found optimal for morphing into a specific cell which solves the symptomatic problems for inflicted patients, there is the issue of actually performing a successful long-term implant or how the patients' bodies react to it; for instance, the body might entail an adapting process which renders the new cells useless, risk inappropriate cell migration, tumor formation, hemorrhage during transplant intervention or postoperative infection (Ahsan 28). In this light, clinical trials of stem-cell research ought to be controlled on the basis of protecting human subjects by means of regulatory oversight, peer review by an expert panel independent of the investigators and sponsors, fair subject selection, informed consent, and proper patient monitoring (Grad 9)
Yet, the fact that surplus IVF embryos are unwanted does not mark them as less human, the ethical implication being that humans have rights regardless if they are wanted or not. On the other hand, adult skin tissue-originated, induced pluripotent stem cell research "would leave a survivor behind who is the genetic source of an iPS cell line" (Hyun 2)
Leukemia is another such disease. This disease is heavily linked to genetics, yet through the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, it is generally accepted that chronic myelogenous leukemia can be cured (Goldman, 2006)
Recently the House of Representative in the State of Michigan passed bills that encouraged a bank of stem cells be created, from umbilical cords and donated adult stem cells. The House of Representatives is divided on the topic; it will go to the Senate for their approval (Martin, 2006)
For the most part, they enthusiastically support a vast majority of stem cell research that uses non-embryonic (or adult) stem cells that are obtained without harm to the human body, from umbilical cord and placental blood. What opponents of embryonic stem cell research oppose is the harvesting of stem cells from human embryos that destroy the embryo itself (Schleppenbach, 2006)
Stem Cell Research Utilizing Stem Cell Research There has historically been a significant amount of debate concerning the issue of stem cell research, which exists in both "the political arena and in…philosophical circles" (Napier 496)
However, the very virtue of this argument is its weakness, since it is virtually indeterminable at which point life begins, it is dubious to state that it actually begins with conception. Those who are in favor of stem cell research believe that the scientific advantages of this process -- which include its use for "various therapeutic purposes… for neurological disorder patients" (Saxena et al
Human dignity, compassion, fallibility, and the finiteness of human existence are not, however, prominent features of a utilitarian perspective. Nor are these principles and virtues prominent features of deontological or rules-based ethics, but are more consistent with the patient-centered, context-dependent, and relational focus of virtue ethics in nursing (Armstrong, 2006)
The mesenchymal stem cells could be used for wound repair, including reconstituting a healthy epidermis in burn patients. Nursing Ethics: Stem Cell Research and Clinical Applications The Icelandic legislature has recently updated its laws concerning stem cell research and clinical applications (Arnason, 2010) and seems to represent one of the more progressive approaches to stem cell research ethics
Like the Icelandic legislators, the ANA's ethical position is utilitarian in orientation. The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity (CBHD) at Trinity International University has published their position on the issues of stem cell research (Bevington & CBHD Research Staff, 2009)
Fetal stem cells. The most controversial stem cells are those derived from human embryos, but in contrast to adult stem cells, these are truly pluripotent and therefore have captured the attention of biologists and medical scientists interested in understanding human development and how these cells could be used to treat and possibly cure disease (Blow, 2008)
Placenta-derived stem cells. The placenta is typically discarded during delivery of the newborn, but recently it has been recognized to be a rich source of multipotent stem cells (Caruso, Evangelista, & Parolini, 2012)
Since umbilical cord blood has historically been considered a waste product in Western societies the ethical concerns surrounding the harvesting of ES cells from fertilized human embryos are avoided. For this reason, considerable effort is being invested in improving the harvesting techniques for stem cells from cord blood (Danby & Rocha, 2014)
The main limitations of its use for clinical applications are the small number of stem cells that can be recovered from a single donation. During delivery the cord is clamped and the blood removed using a syringe containing heparin (Demerdash et al
These can then be recovered, expanded, and then differentiated into a defined phenotype before clinical application. While the isolation of stem cells from umbilical cord blood may seem technically challenging, the isolation of adult stem cells from tissues is much more difficult and painful for the donor (De Sa Silva et al
host disease (GvHD). Types of Stem Cells There are two general classes of human-derived stem cells: embryonic and adult (Ding, Shyu, & Lin, 2011)
For example, researchers were able to show that totipotent stem cells from mice were capable of contributing to the formation of germ cells, in addition to most if not all somatic cells in a mouse body, and could thus be passed on from generation to generation; however, researchers have been unable to prove the existence of totipotent human stems cells. In the absence of totipotent human embryonic stem (ES) cells many researchers turned toward investigating the possibility that somatic cells could be reverted to pluripotency (Easley, Latov, Simerly, & Schatten, 2014)