Nevertheless, many patients diagnosed with CHD continue to smoke despite the possibility of interventions and programs (many of them free) helping them to stop. Mortality can be reduced by as much as 36% if smokers with CHD determine to stop smoking 3-5 years after diagnosed (Critchley, 2003) aside from which dramatic reductions in cardiac attacks have been discovered when smokers have stopped smoking for as short a time as a year (Quist-Paulsen, & Gallefoss, 2003)
Department of Health and Human Services, in short, quitting not only prevents morbidity but also: Reduces development of arteriosclerosis and lowers the incidence of initial and recurrent myocardial infarction, thrombosis, cardiac arrhythmia, and death from cardiovascular causes (Quist-Paulsen & Gallefoss, 2003, p. 676) This is because many of these mechanisms are secondary effects of smoking and are reversible by as little as a few weeks if not days (Twardalle, et al
This approach is supported by the Bickman & Rog (2009) text, which indicates that "the various interventions that are applied to each group may eventually produce an important difference in the state of each group, the trial being designed so as to discern such a difference." (Bickman & Rog, 149) Comparisons would be made at the six-month point and at the one year point from the end of the cessation program in order to discern said differences
We conclude that cessation programs serve a small, but important, population of smokers that includes heavier smokers, those most at risk for tobacco-related morbidity and mortality." (Fiore et al
This practice has not yet been implemented in Costa Rica or other developing countries so they become prime markets for tobacco companies." (John, 1) This represents a significant public health problem to the population of Costa Rica and imposes significant costs upon the universal health system of Cost Rica
In particular, we conclude that there is an effect if an appropriate statistical test indicates a statistically significant difference between the treatment and control means." (Lipsey & Hurley, 45) This goal though is supported by the use of multiple public health facilities for the execution of this program
Smoking cessation has become a large and booming business as more and more people try to kick the habit to avoid many of the problems that smoking can cause, such as lung cancer and heart disease. Smokers, on average, die sooner than non-smokers, and they have higher instances of cancer and heart problems (Leary & Miller, 1986, Pearce, 2001)
This patch is already available, and it is used to help put nicotine into the bloodstream so that the urge to light a cigarette is diminished. The patch works by gradually lessening the amount of nicotine received, thereby weaning the person off of the addiction to cigarettes (Legge & Leeper, 2002)
It is also important to look at the education of smoking cessation that is offered to young people and others, since the facts about smoking are more clear and are backed up by more scientific evidence than they used to be. This makes some of the education area easier, but it is still difficult to educate many young people on the dangers of smoking because they generally do not take health problems seriously at their age (Pearce, 2001)
Some people also choose to be hypnotized in order to quit smoking, but there is no real evidence that this works or that these people actually remain smoke-free. The highest rate for success for remaining smoke-free involves those that attend support groups (Plowfield, 2004)
, 2009). Pharmacological interventions such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) have become increasingly popular in smoking cessation programs and have been proven to increase the likelihood of success (Apelber, Onicescu, Avila-Tang & Samet, 2010; Hudmon, Corelli & Prokhorov, 2010)
Health care expenditures as well as lost productivity from smoking and smoking related illnesses total more than 193 million dollars annually (Smith, 2009). Smoking cessation programs have been proven to be much more cost effective than the medical care interventions that are associated with smoking related illnesses (Barnett, Wong & Hall, 2009)
Tobacco products include an addictive constituent known as nicotine. Nicotine from a cigarette is able to reach the brain in ten seconds where it binds to nicotinic acetylecholine receptors creating a release of neurotransmitters and hormones such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (Carrozzi, Pistelli & Viegi, 2008)
Current smokers are also two to four times more likely to develop coronary artery disease than their non-smoking counterparts (van der Vaart, 2005). While smoking impacts all populations equally it is reported that 90% of smoking initiation occurs during adolescence and further that those adolescents who smoke at least monthly continue to smoke into adulthood (De Leeuw, Scholte, Sargent, & Engels, 2010)
Smoking related diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world claiming over 5 million lives annually (World Health Organization, 2009). Yet it is a preventable disease, one in which morbidity and mortality do not need to be the outcome (Huang, 2004)
There is evidence to suggest that many of the health risks and respiratory symptoms experienced as the result of smoking can be reversed if smoking cessation is achieved (Caponetta & Polosa, 2008). Health care practitioners should educate their patients on the dangers of smoking, the preventable nature of smoking-related diseases, and the benefits of quitting (O'Donovan, 2009)
In many cases it may take multiple attempts before an individual is able to maintain their abstinence and interventions that are flexible in order to meet these needs are the most successful. Yet many smokers are also disappointed in their lack of response to smoking cessation efforts and failure to achieve long-term results (Polosa et al
Smoking is associated with many pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular issues, as well as cancers. Individuals who smoke throughout their life decrease their life expectancy by 10 years (Quist-Paulsen, 2008)
Tobacco products cause harm to many bodily systems leading to disease and potential fatality. This public health epidemic has led to many respiratory problems such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and lung cancer (Raherison et al
Psychological interventions such as support groups, counseling sessions, and guided quit plans have been proven most effective when coupled with pharmacological interventions (Huang, 2005). Cessation programs need to be interactive and engage the participant in the treatment process as well as identifying individual characteristics that have led to the smoking behavior and tailoring interventions to meet these needs (Rovina et al