" (p.3) The unity in Singapore is based on four primary ethnic groups including those as follows: (1) Chinese (75%) (2) Malays (13%) (3) Indians (9%); and (4) Others (0%) (Soh and Yuen, 2009, p
We changed because it is good for us to change." (Talib, 2000, p
106) Singapore stands out as a high-income country on the basis of the gap in per capita income "between itself and other candidates for developed country status." (Wilson, 2000, p
" Urbanization and globalization are stated to have "set in motion an expanding global culture of McWorld that fast is eclipsing local culture in many Asian cities." (Yuen, 2006, p
" Urbanization and globalization are stated to have "set in motion an expanding global culture of McWorld that fast is eclipsing local culture in many Asian cities." (Yuen, 2006, p
It does this by manipulating the image of the traditional Asian female and expropriating it to its own use. The airline, therefore, associates itself to the traditional Asian women positioning itself, accordingly, as being charming, graceful, sensuous, and attractive (Chan, 2000)
In 2010, the International Air Transport Association reported SIA to be the second largest airline in the world with a worth of 14 billion U.S. dollars (Mutzabaugh, 2010)
As of 2007, the airline has employed USA-based advertising agent TBWA to manage its creative advertising SIA's specialty and promotion are focused on quality and excellent customer service that is delivered in an innovative and caring manner.(Smith, 2005)
Literature review This section will first give a general overview of marketing, and will then highlight the marketing of the product of interest, FHM Singapore. What is marketing? Marketing is the means by which a business identifies, anticipates and then satisfies customer demand: if carried out effectively it will not only ensure that the business is seen and heard but will give the business flexibility to adapt to changing customer demands and a changing business environment (Williams, 2004; My Business, 2004a)
However, market development, specifically expanding the Dell's international geographic outreach and offering new product features not offered by competitors, and using new distribution and pricing policies seems in line with Dell's usual operational model (Ansoff Growth, 2010, Tutor2U). Singapore market "Singapore, with its small population and lack of natural resources, relies on manufacturing, financial services and tourism to drive economic growth" (Kennedy 2010)
Lastly, technological innovation has long been thought to be correlated with economic growth (Kuznets, 1973). Policies encouraging innovation sparked growth in neighboring countries like Korea (Chung, 2005) and China (Li & Florida, 2006) as well as in major Western economies such as the United States and Germany
HK & Singapore A country's economic growth "may be defined as a long-term rise in capacity to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population…" (Kuznets, 1973)
Lastly, technological innovation has long been thought to be correlated with economic growth (Kuznets, 1973). Policies encouraging innovation sparked growth in neighboring countries like Korea (Chung, 2005) and China (Li & Florida, 2006) as well as in major Western economies such as the United States and Germany
In addition education systems may also choose to take on new assessment methods, alter their leadership personal, train teachers, adopt a new language policy, place greater emphasis on co-curricular activities or change the manner in which the administration functions (Koh, 2004). It is also the case that changes in an education system might also include a new direction associated with the "developmental skills formation model" (Ashton, Green, James, & Sung, 1999, p
The next section of the literature review will focus on ESL and Academic writing. ESL and Academic writing Correa (2009) reports that for many years that English as a Foreign Language and English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university instructors have criticized students who enter the collegiate environment without having the skills necessary to write in the academic setting, specifically in content courses (Benesch, 1993 & 2001; Schleppegrell, 2004; Spack, 1988 & 1993; Zamel, 1995)
On the contrary, were expected to duplicate and practice sentence patterns and structures that were believed to be accurate (Correa, 2009). The author further explains that "Academic writing was not considered a process, as many scholars came to see it in the 1980's (Berlin, 1988; and Bizzell, 1986; Faigley, 1986; Johns, 1997; Silva, 1990)
In addition for the most part literacy in school remains centred around reading print, which acts as the direct opposite of the variety of reading materieals that are available to children at home. multiple (Browne 1999; Carrington 2005; Marsh and Thompson 2001)
The author further explains that "Academic writing was not considered a process, as many scholars came to see it in the 1980's (Berlin, 1988; and Bizzell, 1986; Faigley, 1986; Johns, 1997; Silva, 1990). Nor was it perceived as a social practice that varies from one context to another, according to situation, purpose and audience, as many scholars see it nowadays (Butt, Fahey, Feez, Spinks & Yallop, 2003; Cope & Kalantzis, 1993; Knapp & Watkins, 2005; Paltridge, 2001)
" Additionally, academic texts were not believed to be the creative expressions of the individual, this idea was not the case until the process era. In addition academic texts were not viewed as "genres" having specific social functions and organization, both of which are defined by audience and context, as perceived by the post-process era (Callaghan, Knapp & Noble, 1993; Kalantzis & Cope, 1993; Kress, 1993)
According to (Deterding, 2005) when taking into consideration the aspects of intelligibility, it is important to mull over the differences that present between native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) (Field, 2003;). The author points out that the NS-NNS dissimilarity is not always apparent (Davies, 2003)