In short, we need to make vast changes in human behavior, and we cannot make them with the help of nothing more than physics or biology, no matter how hard we try. (Skinner 4) Now, however, it is difficult not to view Skinner's ideas as more applicable to means of authoritarian control along the lines of George Orwell's 1984 or, perhaps even more aptly, Yevgeny Zamyatin's novel about totalitarian collectivism, We
Freud went as far as to consider that women were representative for involution and that in spite of the fact that they are traditionally seen as the basis of society they are nothing more than tools meant to guarantee the well-being of the family and of sexual life. "The work of civilization has become increasingly the business of men, it confronts them with ever more difficult tasks and compels them to carry out instinctual sublimations of which women are little capable" (Rosenfels 21)
While people generally believe that the conscious and the preconscious are the reasons why they act, Freud insisted that this is not necessarily true, as the unconscious is apparently capable to control a people's behavior and in being the general source for their motivation. The id was thus considered by Freud to be the most important factor in people's lives and the reason for most actions that they cannot explain (Boeree)
It is likely that Freud acknowledged the danger of associating psychoanalysis with meta-psychology but ignored it as a result of the benefits that he considered to draw out of the enterprise. This was, however, harmful for his reputation because it brought a significant number of critics that considered his theories to be unfounded (Freud & Dufresne & Richter 16)
It is very probable that Bauer's relationship with Anna O. influenced him in believing this, as he considered that both individuals experienced failure in their endeavor because they repressed the feelings that they had for each other (Hergenhahn & Olson 27)
Freud's powerful character was essential at this stage, as he managed to slow down most psychoanalysts who wanted to contradict his viewpoints. It was not until his death that other psychoanalysts experienced recognition for criticizing and even modifying Freud's theories (Millon 122)
However, while some are impressed with his theories and support him fully, others consider that he is responsible for having brought significant damage to psychoanalysis in general. People tend to think this way because of his certainty regarding how sexuality is a primary unconscious factor that triggers particular behavior in individuals (Van Haute)
When he transformed into an insect, it is ironic that it is only at this time that he felt any affiliation with human society. This feeling of belongingness and contentment in life may be construed as the emergence of the Unconscious Self, the self who is "Kafka's representation of the subjective reality," making Gregor realize how he had been 'cut off' from having the opportunity or "possibility of (establishing) real human associations" (Greenberg, 1965:51-2)
What has happened to me? He thought. It was no dream" (Kafka, 1972:89)
Fontana notes that historically dreams were seen as spiritual or religious in nature. Most cultures "believed that dreams come from an outside source and are visitations from the gods" and that "horrifying apparitions that emerge in nightmares were interpreted as demons intent on seducing the innocent" (Fontana, 11)