" Those with unfavorable attitudes towards homosexuality were less likely to report having undergone HIV testing at 95% (Glick & Golden). A series of 31 surveys conducted among almost 7,000 Blacks and 43,000 whites since 1973 revealed their differences in homosexuality and demographic roots (Lewis, 2003)
But when perceived as controllable and environmental or social, the attribution produces negative effects, such as reduced support for policies (Haikel-Market & Joslyn). One more study concludes that the scientific argument for a biological basis remains weak (Shagor, 2011)
IV. Homosexuality in the Multicultural Context Overview in Other Cultures Homosexuality as genetically or biologically-based is hardly practiced or known in other cultures (Whitehead & Whitehead, 2013)
¶ … Homosexuality Biologically Based? NATURE OR NURTURE Is Homosexuality Biologically-Based? The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that approximately 50,000 new HIV infections occur in the United States every year (Yin, 2013)
Through socialization, males are encouraged to become stronger and more developed while females are to make their bodies more beautiful. More critical than the teenagers themselves in the way they view their bodies, parents are less positive in regards to their children's eating, physical activity and their appearance throughout adolescence in turn bringing about poor body image (Gutgesell, & Payne, 2004, p
This is the bad part of peer pressure and influence which is due to peers pressuring the adolescent into doing things they are uncomfortable with. Positive peer pressure or influence may come about as a result of adolescent making friends with whom they share extracurricular activities like dancing, school choir amongst others, which means that they have a goal that is common to them (Oliveri, 2007)
Risk taking Risk taking can be categorized as healthy and unhealthy risk taking behavior. Healthy risk taking can be defined as a positive tool in an adolescent's life which enables them discover, develop and consolidate their own identity (Ponton, 1997, p
The influence of these hormones going around makes the adolescent confused with the strength of their sexual urges. At this stage in the adolescent's life, they attempt to get a sexual identity and it is important for parents to know how to guide them in the matters of sexuality (Schalet, 2004)
Gender, in our society, normally is defined by what our sex organs are -- whether or not they make us male or female. But what about people mentioned in the article such as David Reimer (Myers) who was born a male but socialized as a female? He was even given hormones to make him grow breasts, yet he said he always identified as a male
Of the twelve, six were deserters, one was convicted of murder, and the remaining five were found guilty of buggery. Between 1703 and 1710, twelve sailors were tried for buggery or attempted buggery and six of these men were sentenced to death" (Davies, p
The sacred book of the Christian religion, the Bible, and especially the New Testament, is the law for many Christians, even if the separation between the state and church has happened long ago. Homosexuals were among those illustrated as burning in the flames of Hell in Biblical depictions and the contemporary Western society is still tributary to this image (Greenberg, 1988)
Although there is still so much left to discover in this field, humanity has already gathered a great amount of information about homosexuality, for example, that it is now possible to take it out of the list of sexual deviances or diseases and just consider it a variation of human sexual behavior. Still, the unknown territory left in the matter makes people in many American States be afraid that a contact with homosexuals, for example, may encourage children to start manifesting homosexual tendencies as well (Rubin, 1984, p
Thus, in an actually free society that is respectful of individual autonomy, the correct answer to this question would be "it does not matter." However, numerous and sometimes powerful groups have pressed the issue, to the point that an entire industry of "gay therapy" programs exist as a way for homosexuals to "cure" themselves of their orientation (frequently in the context of religious ideology) (Beeler & DiProva, 1999, p
444). As a result, it is necessary to examine the social and biological underpinnings of homosexuality, particularly because behavior viewed as deviant is met with harsher responses when that behavior appears to be entirely voluntary, rather than the result of in-born or biological factors (Gomme, 2007, p
Discussing the entirety of the biological research on the issue is far beyond the scope of this study, so it will suffice to summarize the major findings thus far. In short, researchers have found certain gene alleles that contribute to personality differences, and that some of these differences result in homosexual identification as a result of more "feminine" traits being expressed (although the use of "feminine" to describe traits such as "sensitivity, empathy, tendermindedness, and kindness" is problematic from the perspective of gender normativity, this remains the vocabulary of choice within biological literature and thus will be used here) (Miller, 2000, p
But there are some basic methodological problems with the study of serial murderers. Ball (1989) notes the relative lack of in-depth personal interviews and surveys with those convicted of serial murder: thus he argues that in terms of the basic understanding in existing psychiatric literature, "the fact that the serial murderers themselves tended to refuse cooperation on personal grounds or advice of attorney has made for a necessarily sketchy and somewhat repetitious reliance on those sources that could be mined" (Ball 594)
Basilio (1996) notes this in relation to media represenations of Aileen Wuornos in the late 1990s, where her sexuality was definitely part of the public analysis of the crimes, claiming that commentators had underestimated the relevance overall of "the criminalization of lesbian and gay sexuality in the United States and its effects on sentencing of defendants identified as homosexual." (Basilio 56)
They note that the "disorganized" killer is frequently marked by "social inadequacy and inability to maintain interpersonal relationships" which "increases the likelihood of sexual ignorance as well as the potential for sexual perversions or dysfunctions as part of the homicidal acts." (Canter 294)
After being apprehended, they may be forced to confront the disturbing reality that they have killed human beings, not animals or objects. (Fox and Levin 423) A variation on this observation is offered elsewhere in the literature on serial murder by Heide (1991) who includes homosexuals in the category of frequent victims targeted by serial murders without specific consideration of how homosexuality might impact the serial murderers themselves: "Victims may have symbolic value and are perceived to be prestigeless and in most instances are unable to defend themselves or alert others to their plight, or are perceived as powerless given their situation in time, place or status within their immediate surroundings (such as vagrants, prostitutes, migrant workers, homosexuals, missing children, and single and often elderly women
Thus Husain (1995) claims that "scoptophilia plays a predominant part among the psychopath's attempts at control" where "the execution of dominance-submission patterns, within which the object is necessarily apprehended as a prey" is being accomplished by the serial killer. (Husain 138)