However, the female perpetration of sexual abuse has been a subject largely overlooked, yet, females commit between 3% and 13% of all sexual abuse (Kaufman, Wallace 1995). Literature suggests that people accused of sex crimes are a heterogeneous group and that not all sex criminals have paraphilic sexual disorders (Fedoroff 1999)
Children's disclosure of their sexual victimization is often the only evidence that abuse has occurred, however, the majority never tell anyone of their victimization (Fieldam 2002). A 1994 study of 21 teachers who "participated in a child abuse prevention workshop found that they could be taught to recognize the behavioral and physical symptoms of sexual abuse, and how to respond appropriately to disclosures of sexual abuse" (Fieldman 2002)
Intra-familial sexual offenders were more likely to give gifts and use psychological means to promote victim helplessness than were extra-familial sexual offenders, while extra-familial sexual offenders were more likely to lure their victims with drugs and alcohol in order to better achieve compliance to the sexual act (Fieldman 2000). There are a number of myths and stereotypes about women in our culture that have contributed to the underreporting of childhood sexual abuse by female offenders (Hetherton 1999)
Research and clinical experience suggest that treatment programs for women have only provisional utility and evidence-based research is necessary to validate the usefulness of these programs (Nathan, Ward 2001). Patterns between conduct disorder, attentional disorder and learning disability make young offenders a challenging population for clinicians, law enforcement/correctional personnel and researchers (Humber, Snow 2001)
Allen estimates that 7% of males experienced sexual abuse in childhood and that 20% of that number were abused by women (Turner 2001). Other findings reveal that multiple perpetrators were involved in significantly more cases in which females (25%) as opposed to males (6%) were the perpetrators (Kaufman 1995)
Allen estimates that 7% of males experienced sexual abuse in childhood and that 20% of that number were abused by women (Turner 2001). Other findings reveal that multiple perpetrators were involved in significantly more cases in which females (25%) as opposed to males (6%) were the perpetrators (Kaufman 1995)
A 1995 study of 121 sexually abused males who were receiving therapy from private or community mental health clinics found that 60% reported childhood sexual activity with females, 14% indicated sexual interactions with females only, while 46% reported sexual activity with both male and female (Denov 2001). A study reported in 2000 examined characteristics of accused women and their victims, and patterns of the alleged offenses and outcome of forensic evaluation (Lewis, Stanley 2000)
A 1995 study of 121 sexually abused males who were receiving therapy from private or community mental health clinics found that 60% reported childhood sexual activity with females, 14% indicated sexual interactions with females only, while 46% reported sexual activity with both male and female (Denov 2001). A study reported in 2000 examined characteristics of accused women and their victims, and patterns of the alleged offenses and outcome of forensic evaluation (Lewis, Stanley 2000)
A 1994 study of 21 teachers who "participated in a child abuse prevention workshop found that they could be taught to recognize the behavioral and physical symptoms of sexual abuse, and how to respond appropriately to disclosures of sexual abuse" (Fieldman 2002). In a 1999 study, researchers compared children who had participated in a stay safe program prior to a referral for a sexual abuse assessment with cohorts who had not participated in the curriculum and found that participants made more reports of sexual abuse than did non-participants (MaczIntyre, Carr 1999)
. however, there is no discussion of the non-illegal forms of paraphilia" (Miner 1998)
In fact the practice of sending delinquent girls who tested low in intelligence to state schools for feebleminded children dates back to the 1930's when institutions became a type of wastebasket for problem cases of mental, physical, or moral nature (Cahn 1998). Female sex offending appears to be associated more with relationship and dependency issues than with deviant sexual preferences (Nathan, Ward 2001)
In fact the practice of sending delinquent girls who tested low in intelligence to state schools for feebleminded children dates back to the 1930's when institutions became a type of wastebasket for problem cases of mental, physical, or moral nature (Cahn 1998). Female sex offending appears to be associated more with relationship and dependency issues than with deviant sexual preferences (Nathan, Ward 2001)
Borderline, intellectual function and mental retardation were common and women frequently acted with codefendants, and moreover, the victims knew the perpetrator in every instance (Lewis, Stanley 2000). Author Julia Hislop stipulates that although the incidence of sexual abuse by men is indeed much higher than of women, the actual number of children molested by women is high (Turner 2001)
"It has been proposed that males often engage in externalizing behaviors like delinquency and substance abuse because of masculine attitudes and interests, whereas females, by virtue of stronger communal ties, tend to internalize problems. Accordingly, females typically experience higher levels of psychological distress" (Walters 2001)
Because the majority of academics, physicians, judges, and indeed women themselves do not consider the possibility that females can harbor paraphilic interests, they are highly unlikely to recognize women with paraphilias (Fedoroff 1999). The number of incarcerated women who are convicted of sex offenses is actually higher than believed and require a complex variety of treatment programs (Williams 1998)
As such, it is suggested that not all offenders should receive the same treatment. Correctional literature indicates that high-risk offender require the greatest use of resource, while lower risk offenders require the lowest level of resources (Andrews & Bonta, 2003)
Also, TVCOSA helps rebuild relationships with offenders and their family members. They also offer other individualized psychological treatment for offenders (Bates, Saunders, & Wilson, 2007)
However, these treatments are not foolproof methods of eliminating sexually abhorrent behavior. In addition, they come with side effects including: somatic complaints, depression, mood swings, and suicidal tendencies (Greenfield, 2006)
" That is considered a threat of attempted murder. In the case of sexual child abuse, not only can a person sexually abuse a child and be acquitted of any wrong doing, the definition is changed based on the person accused, and on a 'he said, he said or he said, she said basis (Neddermeyer, 2005)
" That is considered a threat of attempted murder. In the case of sexual child abuse, not only can a person sexually abuse a child and be acquitted of any wrong doing, the definition is changed based on the person accused, and on a 'he said, he said or he said, she said basis (Neddermeyer, 2005)