(Shojai 1995) The diverse political relationship between the United States and the Middle Eastern countries collectively known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which is comprised of representatives form Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, will likely continue in the future to effect the manner in which the Middle East develops its energy infrastructure, as will of coarse the influence of other nations, as the need for energy diversification intensifies in the coming years. (Anthony 1997) (Zunes 1993) (Williams 2005) the Middle East is as concerned for the environment as any other region of the world
The wind turbines, supported by the bridges between the two large towers will supply between 10 and 15% of the energy to the SMART building. (Bahrain WTC website, Press Release, December 4, 2006) Though this is not to say that renewable energy is the only emphasis of the Bahrain WTC or the middle east, as most proponents of energy evolution emphasize that renewable energy has been sorely neglected, in an almost inexcusable fashion over the last 50 or more years in all nations and the call for change is urgent, and most call attention to economics and political efforts to maintain the status quo as the source of the problem, as many people seek economic benefit from the sale and utilization of non-renewable energy sources and are afraid, despite the countless political and economic troubles energy allocation causes, to lose the financial benefit from non-renewable energy profits
(Cordesman 1997) European and American educators, corporate leaders and in some cases even foreign military have had an impact on the need for Middle Eastern nations to start right, in a sense, as a model of sustainable energy and resources to ensure against future potential failure, from to much emphasis on oil money, if the oil situation changes dramatically, which it has in the past and likely will in the future. (Tapper and Mclachlan 2003) (Belgrave, Ebinger, and Okino 1987) (Castle and Price 1983) country rich in current income still can be poor and underdeveloped
(Cordesman 1997) Over 80% of the natural oil reserves are found in the Middle East. (Borowitz 1999) It seems that renewable energy, and especially photovoltaic technology and wind energy, partly as outsiders have been a big part of modernization in many Middle Eastern nations as a result of relatively new found wealth, allowing infrastructure building in the public and corporate realms, and the historical fear of the potentially fatal rate of decline of oil reserves in any one region
(Cordesman 1997) European and American educators, corporate leaders and in some cases even foreign military have had an impact on the need for Middle Eastern nations to start right, in a sense, as a model of sustainable energy and resources to ensure against future potential failure, from to much emphasis on oil money, if the oil situation changes dramatically, which it has in the past and likely will in the future. (Tapper and Mclachlan 2003) (Belgrave, Ebinger, and Okino 1987) (Castle and Price 1983) country rich in current income still can be poor and underdeveloped
(Bahrain WTC website, Press Release, December 4, 2006) Though this is not to say that renewable energy is the only emphasis of the Bahrain WTC or the middle east, as most proponents of energy evolution emphasize that renewable energy has been sorely neglected, in an almost inexcusable fashion over the last 50 or more years in all nations and the call for change is urgent, and most call attention to economics and political efforts to maintain the status quo as the source of the problem, as many people seek economic benefit from the sale and utilization of non-renewable energy sources and are afraid, despite the countless political and economic troubles energy allocation causes, to lose the financial benefit from non-renewable energy profits. (Clark 1991) The Middle East being often at the source of this concern in regards to oil sales, can and have historically created a resistance to the goal of creating a web of renewable energy sources globally, and reduce dependence on non-renewable sources
This is despite the region's critical interest in fossil fuels as a resource for change, as oil has been for the last 20 or so years for some countries and longer for others. (Cordesman 1997) Over 80% of the natural oil reserves are found in the Middle East
Consequently, other things being equal, optimal levels of social investment in the energy future fell, not rose, with the extraordinary price increases of the 1970s. (Castle and Price 1983) The Middle East is ripe for the expression of the need to develop sustainable energy projects and programs as they have learned through past experiences of themselves and others that fluctuation and even political and religious strife will create changes in the economic climate that can either help or hurt them in the short run and this must be countered with balanced energy consumption, including an emphasis on renewable energy resources (Hoffman and Dienes 1985) and especially wind and solar energy sources and technology as both are plentiful in the Middle East and technology needs to be expanded and applied to its utilization
(Williams 2005) Solar energy and wind energy are at the core of the current middle eastern interest in renewable energy, as such resources are foundationally available in the majority of the region, and show the greatest promises in scale for their ability to provide energy resources, that do not harm the environment or create undue political and economic burden on an ever fluctuating social and cultural environment. (Williams 2005) (Richards and Waterbury 1996) Over the last few years, solar cell production has registered annual growth of some 40%
(Clark 1991) It seems that the most significant spurn to create and expand renewable energy technologies has come about because of instability and security fear, rather than the hard and fast old school call for conservation and environmental concerns as the economic and political ebbs and flows have frequently challenged such efforts. (Shojai 1995) The diverse political relationship between the United States and the Middle Eastern countries collectively known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which is comprised of representatives form Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, will likely continue in the future to effect the manner in which the Middle East develops its energy infrastructure, as will of coarse the influence of other nations, as the need for energy diversification intensifies in the coming years
(Cordesman 1997) European and American educators, corporate leaders and in some cases even foreign military have had an impact on the need for Middle Eastern nations to start right, in a sense, as a model of sustainable energy and resources to ensure against future potential failure, from to much emphasis on oil money, if the oil situation changes dramatically, which it has in the past and likely will in the future. (Tapper and Mclachlan 2003) (Belgrave, Ebinger, and Okino 1987) (Castle and Price 1983) country rich in current income still can be poor and underdeveloped
(Shojai 1995) The diverse political relationship between the United States and the Middle Eastern countries collectively known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which is comprised of representatives form Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, will likely continue in the future to effect the manner in which the Middle East develops its energy infrastructure, as will of coarse the influence of other nations, as the need for energy diversification intensifies in the coming years. (Anthony 1997) (Zunes 1993) (Williams 2005) the Middle East is as concerned for the environment as any other region of the world
(Shojai 1995) The diverse political relationship between the United States and the Middle Eastern countries collectively known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) which is comprised of representatives form Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, will likely continue in the future to effect the manner in which the Middle East develops its energy infrastructure, as will of coarse the influence of other nations, as the need for energy diversification intensifies in the coming years. (Anthony 1997) (Zunes 1993) (Williams 2005) the Middle East is as concerned for the environment as any other region of the world
The result of these changes coupled with international pressure and interest in renewable energy has created a dearth of policy change and public and private investment in renewable energy projects and systems almost despite of the current global recession, with of course a slight decline in total investment as a result of the economy. (Sawin and Martinot) (United Nations Environment Programme) Since the first edition of REN21's annual Renewables Global Status Report in 2005, the renewable energy sector has grown strongly and steadily
EU biofuel subsidies are at around $5.2 billion per year, although most of these are for first generation biofuels (Boin, 2010)
Energy is a combination of ambient and generated. The use is variable throughout the year with a peak in the winter and 'free-running' in the summer (Baird 2001, p
5). Poor indoor air quality and so-called "sick building syndrome" has been associated with a wide range of human healthcare problems, including respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory tract cancers, tuberculosis, cataracts, and asthma (Brown 2003)
Renewable Energy and Interdependencies: Six Council Properties Approach and uncertainty: What is the general approach that you will take to reduce carbon emissions associated with the issue that you are looking at and what sources of uncertainty are likely to be important? The six council properties being constructed by regeneration specialist St. Modwen are situated on a brownfield site that was a former oil refinery and production site used by British Petroleum and represent an ambitious project that is intended to create a sustainable community for about 10,000 residents that can serve as a model for like-minded communities around the world (Evans 2011)
8). The general approach that will be used to reduce carbon emissions in the six council properties will be a three-fold approach that involves (a) designing more efficient building systems including the use of renewable energy and passive energy systems; (b) orienting all council property buildings to maximize the efficiency of passive energy systems; and, (c) using more efficient construction methods and earth-friendly and human-healthy construction materials (Hirokawa 2009; Pacione 2009)
3. Benchmarking: Using the Code for Sustainable Homes, how will you benchmark the performance of your proposals, what levels of performance do you think should be achieved and why? The use of benchmarking is congruent with best industry practices that require something to be measured in order to improve it (Mason, Chang and Griffin 2005)