There is a huge qualitative dimension to this subject and that has to be recognized. A modicum of academic prowess is maintained via the use of accounting-based language because this is a set of jargon and terminology that many professionals reading this study will understand implicitly due to the shared knowledge set and culture of the accounting industry around the world (Craig & Amernic, 2008)
The methodology behind the Yonnedi article was much more quantitative in nature because a standardized questionnaire was used. For that reason alone, any conclusions drawn will generally have much more weight and validity because qualitative analysis can be very subject to bias and preconceived notions and that can cloud and pollute the efficacy and validity of any results offered, even if the conclusions happen to be the right ones (Yonnedi, 2010)
Decision-Making Model Source: LaPierrre (1973) The work of Bassand and Ryser entitled: "The Implementation of Public Policy Concerning Space a General Outline" states that while not appearing in the diagram of Lapierre, "he makes it clear in his study that decision-making does not solely imply an exchange of information and views, but includes, at every stage of the process, power relations that require the sue of the concepts of class relations and political culture." (Bassand and Ryser, 1980) Additionally stated is that "a number of recent studies show that implementation is as complex and perhaps even more than the preparation of the decision
According to Alfred Blumstein of Carnegie Mellon University, as reported by Coyle (2002) in the work entitled: "Race and Class Penalties in Crack Cocaine Sentencing" crack cocaine began as an innovation in the drug market "crack distribution rights and boundaries were apportioned amongst competitors with the use of violence." (Coyle, 2002) the following table relates the median street-level dealer drug quantities and mandatory minimum imposed by the Anti-Drug Act of 1986
The work of Jensen, Gerber and Mosher (2004) entitled: "Social Consequences of the War on Drugs: The Legacy of Failed Policy" states that "the 1986 War on Drugs has resulted in some of the most extensive changes in criminal justice policy and the operations of the justice system since the due process revolution of the 1960s." (Jensen & Gerber, 1996, p
This distinction has led policy-makers to justify their sentencing recommendations by labeling crack traffickers and users as volatile and violent, more so than powder cocaine dealers." (Levenson, 2006) So prevalent is this disparity that a poor black women, with children who has purchased 5 grams of crack to feed her addiction "would be sent to jail much longer
Four years later, the average federal drug sentence for African-Americans was 49% higher." (Vagins and McCurdy, 2006) Additionally stated by Vagins and McCurdy is: "In 2000 there were more African-American men in prison and jails than there were in higher education, leading scholars to conclude that our crime policies are a major contributor to the disruption of the African-American family
New Jersey is considering sale of the New Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway (Samuel, 14). At the current time, New Jersey's governor has not taken a stance on the privatization of New Jersey's roads, but he is aware of the financial aspects (Bary, p
This would lead to higher tax revenue for the nation and the state as well. Private entities are currently leasing existing infrastructure (Boarnet, DiMento, and Macey, p
S. highway system was the first to set a national standard for roads and highways (Cooper)
However, if we take private investment in Spain as an example, we learn that during the 1970s costs exceeded estimates by private entities. The companies running the toll roads went bankrupt and the government had to bail them out (Engel, Fischer, and Galetovic, p
Now let examine some of the key proposals and companies involved in toll roads in the United States. Two of the key firms that are considering entrance into the highway system in the United States are Macquirie, an Australian firm and Cintra, a firm from Spain (Cho, p
Corporate taxes could generate more funds that the taxes paid by private citizens. Corporations are taxed at a higher rate and the amount upon which they are taxed is higher as well (Decorla-Souza, p
This is always a consideration in any project. Closing the road during construction was not an option because the revenues collected from tolls were the only source of funding for the project (Hansen, p
One of the key issues in this endeavor is that private enterprises might have to use bank financing or other means to fund the project initially. One of the most controversial topics surrounding CA-91 is the use of bonds as a funding source (Hobby, p
S. is enormous and covers diversified range of terrains, weather conditions, and local geologies (Holguin-Veras, Cetin, and Xia, p
In terms of revenues. The sale of toll roads to private entities is a growing trend in Canada, Asia, and Europe (Samuel, pp
12). A different set of circumstances and issues surround new construction, called "Greenfield issues," and those involving existing roads, called "brownfield issues" (Smith, p
Moreover, in the state prisons, the prisoners are also made to do some productive work like plumbing and welding and the inmates of the local prisons have nothing better to do than getting bored out of their skull. This is an example where it is important to analyze whether or not economic burden is the only factor that need be considered by the government when making a partnership with the private sector (Chang, 2012)
There are some risks also involved with this partnership and those are the interests of the people.Particularly, when talking about the privatization of the prisons this is an important point that needs to be considered because prisoners are the people who have been deviated from the society and they do not have a say in the policy making regarding them whatsoever (DiNapoli, 2011)