At the core of the Fourth Amendment lies the liberty from needless investigations and arrests. (Lee, 2003) However against this, the Patriot Act widens significantly the extent of government's powers as regards confinement of non-citizens for an indefinite period and to undertake searches, arrests, and scrutiny with lower levels of reason and stages of judicial review, amongst added requirements
According to Lee Tien- a staff attorney with the Electronic Frontier Foundation at San Francisco stated how simpler it has become to make use of FISA surveillance in an inquiry for a law-enforcement function after the initiation of the Patriot Act. (Murray, 2003) Just a few of the general law-enforcement probing methods had much scope of breaking and defanging outfits similar to the Al-Qaida
(Dinh, 2004) Investigation and arrest limitations were considered to be the primary reasons of the FBI's popular failure to look for a warrant during the weeks prior to the September 11 to investigate the computer and other belongings of Zacarias Moussaoui, the suspected "20th hijacker." (Taylor, 2003) Zacarias Moussaoui had been put under confinement since August 16, in principle for extending his Visa on the basis of information regarding his queer attitude at a Minnesota flight school
Commission on Civil Rights, 2003) Through augmenting the government's capability to undertake searches, this wide ranging act has been debated to have equivalent inferences for privacy safeguards which have come under greater public investigations in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorists attacks. (Wong, 2002) Among the severe criticisms subsequent to the September 11 incidents was that the U
S. military following the Cold War, in which it was implicitly stated that some of this reduction would be accommodated by private security companies (Spencer, 2000)
The end of the Cold War ushered in an era of false security, that led to the reduction in American military forces. However, there were several regional and ethnic conflicts that had to be addressed, despite the lack of military resources (Avant, 2004)
Additionally, most of the incidents involved Blackwater personnel firing from a moving vehicle and leaving the scene before they could determine if there were any Iraqi civilian casualties. Numerous Iraqi civilian deaths have been blamed on Blackwater (Clark, 2009)
Market accountability too has an effect in ensuring PMCs conduct themselves ethically. As an example, GSG refused to train Sierra Leone troops for fear that this would give them a reputation for being mercenaries (Faite, 2004)
The second is the decreased willingness for Western governments to get involved in international peacekeeping missions. Third is the reduced defense budgets many nations are working with, post-Cold War (Krahmann, 2005)
Today, PMCs are corporate enterprises that provide a variety of functions. These tasks may include training, security, logistical support, risk analysis, and much more (Singer, 2004)
They must also provide a statement of conviction of crimes in order that a state criminal records check can be done. Sometimes they are required to have an FBI criminal history check completed prior to permanent employment as a private security officer (Collins, Ricks and Van Meter, 2000)
The TSA's mission, within the Department of Homeland Security, is to protect America's transportation network. To this end, the TSA has designed and implemented a vast array of procedures and programs to secure commercial aviation travel, and also surface methods of transportation as well, in conjunction with federal agencies, state and local governments, and even the private sector (Berrick, 2008)
With the formation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), private screeners were removed from all but five commercial airports in the United States and replaced with federal screeners. The five remaining airports were part of a pilot program, the Private Screening Pilot Program, to "test the effectiveness of increased operational flexibility at the airport level" (Rabkin, 2004)
Public security personnel may do the same but only in the confines of the time and space they are in at present, and provided they can readily identify the perpetrator. Thus, if the perpetrator is within their reach and waiting for police officers to arrive on scene might render to the perpetrator an avenue for escape, the private security forces can affect a citizen's arrest because "almost all states give citizens power to effect arrests for felonies, and for misdemeanors committed in their presence [especially when the person arresting] has reasonable grounds to believe that an offense other than an ordinance violation is being committed (Pastor, 2010)
The existence of different types of psychological assessments that can be used in selecting suitable applicants for private security officer jobs is because employee selection tends to be more difficult that other kinds of personnel decisions. This is primarily because little is known about the applicant and the lack of internal evidence or record about the candidate's previous performance (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2008, p
Employers are increasingly utilizing different methods of employment testing to help ensure that highly qualified individuals are recruited. In essence, employment testing is used as a major component of today's employment practices to help ensure that the best candidates for the job once a pool of applicants has been obtained (Dessler, 2005, p
Generally, psychological factors are major reasons for workplace stress, illnesses, injuries, and judgment. Employment processes in the private security sector are seemingly characterized by concerns regarding employing individuals with high risks of breaking down in stressful conditions or those with psychological disorders that could prevent or hinder their effective functioning as security officers (Roberson & Birzer, 2008, p
There are certain traits and conditions that would screen out an applicant and prevent him or her from being employed. These traits and conditions include dishonesty, tendencies towards tardiness and violence, and psychological distress (Stabile, 2002, p