Four years later, the average federal drug sentence for African-Americans was 49% higher." (Vagins and McCurdy, 2006) Additionally stated by Vagins and McCurdy is: "In 2000 there were more African-American men in prison and jails than there were in higher education, leading scholars to conclude that our crime policies are a major contributor to the disruption of the African-American family
In addition, they continue to ask questions like how working in such a violent and sub-cultured environment daily affects both the correctional workers and the officers or what effect this working conditions has on the correctional officers' careers, life at home, marriages and other social interactions with both family and friends who are outside the confines of the prison walls. Some of the authors and researchers who have written or researched on the subject of correctional officers and related stress at the work place include but not limited to; ((Cheek, 1984, Cheek & Miller 1982, Lindquist & Whitehead 1986, Lambert 2001)
In addition, they continue to ask questions like how working in such a violent and sub-cultured environment daily affects both the correctional workers and the officers or what effect this working conditions has on the correctional officers' careers, life at home, marriages and other social interactions with both family and friends who are outside the confines of the prison walls. Some of the authors and researchers who have written or researched on the subject of correctional officers and related stress at the work place include but not limited to; ((Cheek, 1984, Cheek & Miller 1982, Lindquist & Whitehead 1986, Lambert 2001)
In principle, "truth-in-sentencing" refers to the concept of eliminating the practice of parole, mainly to ensure that prisoners actually serve the full term of the sentences they receive for their crimes (Schmalleger, 2008). Generally, these practices developed as a response to overcrowding in prisons and to widespread violations of prisoners' rights that had led to several high-profile incidents in the 1970s (Schlanger, 2006; Vogel, 2004)
¶ … American Prison System Identify the four types of prisons. There are four types of prison in the United States: (1) Military prisons house offenders who are in military service at the time of their conviction by military courts martial; (2) Juvenile prisons house offenders who are minors and therefore ineligible for incarceration with an adult prison population; (3) State prisons house inmates convicted of crimes for which sentences exceed one year; and (4) Federal prisons house inmates convicted of federal crimes whose sentences exceed one year (Schmalleger, 2008)
It means employees must be placed in the organization according to the skills, qualification, and experience in their particular field. Just like employees have the responsibility to work dedicatedly for the growth of an organization, there is an equal responsibility of that organization to provide good working environment to its employees (Guest, 1987)
According to COSO, the personnel factors that may impact an organization's performance in one way or another mainly include; the employees' knowledge, experience, and skills, their commitment towards business ethics, workplace relations, and the union-management agreements. Employees are considered as the most precious asset of an organization because they are significantly responsible for the good performance of the organization (Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2007)
According to COSO, the personnel factors that may impact an organization's performance in one way or another mainly include; the employees' knowledge, experience, and skills, their commitment towards business ethics, workplace relations, and the union-management agreements. Employees are considered as the most precious asset of an organization because they are significantly responsible for the good performance of the organization (Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2007)
All the prudential guidance provided by COSO direct the business organizations to focus more on their Internal Control if they want to set up a transparent system at their business units. As the Internal Control looks up at all the operations and setups implemented at an organization, it essentially involves the employees' behavior towards the organizational performance (The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, 2011)
looked to the welfare state to alleviate social problems, today it simply looks to prisons, and in particular the phenomenon of the prison-industrial complex, where capitalism flourishes from locking people in cages (History). Prison has become not only a class weapon, but an instrument of control, in particular the control of 'alien' populations, populations that were formerly colonized peoples, such as former slaves, Native Americans, Latin Americans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders, who all too often have been considered the internal enemy (Buck)
Although the prison system in the Netherlands has long been considered to be liberal, in recent years there have been drastic changes in the system. Boeij (2002) reports that there are four main reforms that have taken place including: the increase in the size of the penitentiary system, putting inmates in facilities in the region in which they live, the centralization of the prisons with the communities and closer collaboration between police, prosecutors and the jails (Boeij 2002)
Cohesion is defined as the strength of the relationship between single aspects of the system and the system as a whole. For instance a prison system that is highly institutionalized has a strong relationship between the individual prison organizations and the entire prison system (Boin & Reinner 2001)
A majority of minimum security facilities are adjacent to larger corrections facilities or on military bases and the inmates help serve the labor needs of the larger corrections facility or military base (Prison Types & General Information 2005). The classification of prison systems is important not only for security reasons but for the purposes of proper resource allocation (Brown 2000)
DeRosia (1998) asserts that just as university students differ in their ability to adjust college, inmates also differ in how they adjust to being in prison. For instance, some inmates will make it through imprisonment reasonably unharmed and go on to live a better life as a rehabilitated citizen (DeRosia 1998; James 2004)
S. rates have consistently been between four and eight times those for these other nations (Haney 2001)
Most employees are proud to be part of this public institution (Boin & Rienner, 2001-page 49)." A hallmark and rather controversial issue in the American Prison System involves the disproportionate amount of African-Americans and Latinos in prison (James 2004; Gilmore 2000)
Prison systems have long been a topic of debate within the realm of criminal justice. There are many opinions concerning the proper implementation and management of prison systems (King & McDermott 1995; Prison Inmates Pay for Their Upkeep 2004)
According to Wortley (2002) these behaviors include Prisoner on Prisoner Violence, Sexual Assaults, Prisoner-Staff Violence, Self-Harm, Drug Use, and Escapes (Wortley 2002; Hayes 1996). In recent years sexual assault and prisoner-staff violence have been significant issues (Laderberg, 1998; Sabbatine, 2003)
In addition, the very structure of the American Prison System can create dependence which makes it difficult for prisoners to adjust once they are released. In the case of the Dutch System adjustment seems to be less problematic because the system is more liberal (Pittaway 1998)
Regardless of the type of prison system that is implemented there are certain behaviors that are present within a prison system. According to Wortley (2002) these behaviors include Prisoner on Prisoner Violence, Sexual Assaults, Prisoner-Staff Violence, Self-Harm, Drug Use, and Escapes (Wortley 2002; Hayes 1996)