Networks Networks are one of the best modes of governance for pollution control (Evans, 2012). These are designed on a number of scales, and the organizations and individuals that belong to these networks follow guidelines and help to hold one another accountable (Keller, 2010)
The laws that are in effect are environmental ones, and they focus on issues such as price and economic factors (Keller, 2010). The idea behind these kinds of laws and guidelines is to create and provide incentives to the population when they make choices that avoid pollution (Mba, 2004)
Adaptive Governance Adaptive governance is based on the changes that are required in order to keep the goal of lower air pollution as a focus of governmental entities, organizations, and individuals. In other words, new strategies have to be created and changed based on sustainable development of tactics that could help urban areas be more successful in their reduction of air pollution (Rangarajan, 2007)
Heavy metals, organic chemicals, and other harmful elements are generally seen in this type of pollution, and they can be disastrous on the lungs and other parts of the body. The toxins are poisonous, and when they are absorbed into the body through getting into the lungs, they can create a number of significant ailments, some of which can be chronic (Raven, 2008)
It is extremely expensive to create and maintain, because it is essentially paying big companies not to pollute (Keller, 2010). The changes many of these companies must make to their operations in order to reduce pollution to more acceptable levels can be very costly, so the payments or other incentives they receive from the government or other regulatory body have to reflect that (Scholz & Stiftel, 2005)
The Major Pollutants and Their Causes There are three things that contribute to air pollution: natural elements, human elements, and chemical compounds. While air pollution dates all the way back to the Roman Empire, it has certainly increased throughout time, and the results of that increase are being seen much more often in urban areas than anywhere else (Truffer, et al
The collection of air pollutants in the lungs is a slow and gradual process, but over time it can influence the quality of life of the people who are breathing these pollutants and shorten their lifespan. Air pollution in urban environments can also lead to the development and/or exacerbation of chronic health problems such as asthma, allergies, and numerous heart and lung diseases (Weaver, et al
While some change in policies that will lead to lower levels of air pollution is certainly better than no change at all, the more that can be done to avoid pollution and reduce it in urban areas, the more people can avoid serious illness (Hilgencamp, 2005). High levels of enforcement such as those that are needed nationally are very important when it comes to adaptive governance, but it can also be used on a smaller scale in an effort to encourage companies and individuals to also adapt in ways that will help them lead better lives that are healthier and that offer less pollution to the air around them (Webster, 2009)
When mass deforestation occurs the wood sources for the region can become limited. This is a product that is used for paper, construction, fuel and other needed elements of modern society, therefore when the product supply is diminished the products garnered from that wood also become limited (Peters, 2002)
2 million. Trees influence local air quality because they remove air pollutants (Escobedo, 2010)
Trees remove particulate matters, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide (Smith, 1990). Trees also reduce topsoil erosion as well as stopping the washing of pollutants into the water sources (Kuo, 2003)
They also indirectly modify microclimates by lowering temperature and altering wind patterns. Trees minimize air pollution in three major ways: deposition, precipitation, and wind (Nowak, Crane & Stevens, 2006)
Trees minimize air pollution in three major ways: deposition, precipitation, and wind (Nowak, Crane & Stevens, 2006). Care should however be taken because trees can also modify ambient temperature and solar radiation, wind patterns, and relative humidity (Scott, Simpson & McPherson, 1999)
Care should however be taken because trees can also modify ambient temperature and solar radiation, wind patterns, and relative humidity (Scott, Simpson & McPherson, 1999). Trees remove particulate matters, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide (Smith, 1990)
Diseases that could be transmitted via this route include but they are not limited to dysentery and cholera. To underscore the seriousness of the problem, the author points out that in developing countries, the United Nations estimates that "as many as 10 million people, half of them children, die each year from drinking pathogen-contaminated water" (Girard, 2009)
According to Goel (2006), given the presence of various minerals as well as gases in water, no water can be regarded pure in absolute terms. According to the author, pure water - for practical purposes, "is considered to be that which has low dissolved and suspended solids and obnoxious gases as well as low in biological life" (Goel, 2006)
Where there are intense downpours, harmful chemicals amongst other waste materials end up being flushed into waterways. On the other hand, river flows that help in the dilution of waste could reduce as a result of prolonged draughts (Miller and Spoolman, 2008)
Further, the flight of marine birds is affected once their feathers catch the spilled oil. It is also equally important to note that when agricultural runoff and fertilizers find their way into water bodies, they enhance or encourage algae growth which then leads to oxygen depletion (Moigne, Subramanian, Xie, and Giltner, 1994)
It is believed that stress caused by noise is indicated by annoyed behavior. In 1970s, when noise research was still in its infancy, some studies showed that people reacted differently to same levels of noise and attributed their reaction to various factors including personality traits such as anxiety (Stephens, 1970) and annoyance which is general in nature (Thomas & Jones, 1982) and to attitudes that foster the belief that noise is controllable (Fields, 1990)
(Watson & Clark, 1984). Similarly it was found that people who are sensitive to noise are more concerned about deteriorating quality of life and potential impact on noise on stress levels (Langdon, 1976