It is necessary to explain to the patient that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is comprised by a range of dysfunctions "characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion." (Khardoni, 2014, p
Ischemic strokes come from a blood clot or other interruption to the blood supply. Nearly 87% of the strokes that are seen today are of the ischemic variety (Donnan, et al
This results in dysfunction of the tissue in the brain in that area. There are four reasons why this kind of stroke and resulting dysfunction could take place: Embolism Venous Thrombosis Thrombosis Systemic Hypoperfusion (Warlow, 2008) Despite all of the explanations that are available for the causes of strokes, there are still strokes that are termed "cryptogenic," meaning that they do not have an explanation that is obvious
Neuromuscular scoliosis (10% chance of occurring): Scoliosis that is caused by a nervous system problem that affects the muscles, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spine bifida, physical trauma and polio. It often -- although not always -- occurs during adolescence (11- 18 years) as for instance with tethered spinal cord syndrome and worsens during adolescent growth spurt (Agabegi & Agabegi, 2008)
What these factors are is debated amongst scientists. Various genes are involved in transmission, one of these genes being the CHD7 (Ogilvie JW, Braun J, Argyle V, Nelson L, Meade M, Ward K (2006
Within the body, the polymodal peripheral receptors create sensations which are unpleasant for the person. These are modulated in the dorsal horn as well as in the anterior columns of the spinal cord and then moves up to the cerebral cortex (Fink 2005,-page 277)
Referred pain is a more mysterious form of pain than the other two. Pain is felt in one part of the body but that is not the location of the medical problem or physical injury (Vecchiet 1999,-page 489)
It is hypothesized that nociceptive input from the skeletal muscles refer to myotomes outside the areas of origin and are spread by central sensitization to spinal segments near the origin point. Diagnosis: In terms of diagnosis, the most important thing is to locate the underlying cause for the pain, whether it is acute, chronic, or referred (Woessner 2013)
Patients dealing with chronic pain issues are abnormally sensitive to painful stimuli and this is attributed to a response to the activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptive A beta fibres. Three processes within the spinal cord are believed to be responsible for the different sensory processing in chronic pain patients: increased excitability, decreased inhibition, and structural reorganization (Woolf 1994,-page 525)
This is the primary cause for pulmonary and/or venous congestion. Congestive heart failure is a direct result of "depressed left-sided cardiac function" (Aucoin, 2011, p 12)
This is a type of heart failure that involves the swelling and congestion of blood in the heart because of an inability to properly pump blood to where it is needed throughout the body. Interestingly enough, "most patients with HF do not complain of symptoms at rest, but rather with physical exertion" (Borlaug & Paulus, 2011, p 674)
Still, it is a serious issue that cases massive degeneration of the other organs because of a lack of proper blood flow. Here, the research suggests that it starts "beginning as a single organ disease, it becomes a systemic disease during its evolution and progression" (Galli et al
There are a number of conditions that are covered in this larger concept term. Essentially, "heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic perfusion inadequate to meet the body's metabolic demands as a result of impaired cardiac pump function" (Hobbs & Boyle, 2010)
In their work, the researchers explored the condition known as Dilated Cardiomyoptahy (DCM). It "is a cardiac muscle disorder characterized by systolic dysfunction and ventricular chamber dilation" and is "a major cause of congestive heart failure" (Li et al
2007). In the case of having a tissue sample to be tested, early stage cervical cancer can be differentiated from healthy cervical tissue by gene expression profile due to comparisons done with healthy and lymph node metastatic tissues which found certain genes upregulated and down regulated (Biewenga, P
2009). Preceded by precursor legions, invasive cervical cancer is characterized by disturbances of the "cellular maturation, stratification, and nuclear atypia…" (Boulet, G
Eighteen types of HPV are known to be oncogenic: 16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 52, and 58 with types 16 and 18 accounting for 70% of all cervical cancer cases (GlaxoSmithKline). The virus itself is a non-enveloped double stranded DNA virus (Steben 2007) containing 8,000 base pairs and encoding for two separate protein classes (Ellenson, L
2004). More sophisticated methods such as the use of MR imaging before, during and after radiation therapy is providing accuracy in the main evaluation of prognostic factors and staging (Engin, G
Now it is known that HPV is a necessary step in the acquisition of cervical cancer and is present in 99.7% of all invasive cervical carcinomas (Gius, D
2004). Indeed, HPV types and 16 and 18 have been found to complex with p53, resulting in its ubiquitin-dependent degradation, taking away its control of the cell cycle -- a hallmark of most cancers (Hu, X