The trend of the current probation officers working closely with the offenders with the aim of helping tem reform out of the jails and integration into the community traces its history to 1870 when Frederick Reiner donated 5 shillings to the Church of England to help in breaking the cycle of offence after the other and subsequent sentencing after another. The society then appoints a 'missionary' to Southwark court and this was the beginning of the London Police Court Mission (The Probation Association, 2014)
This has been seen to work since there are 2.3 million people in prison but on the outside, there are 5 million offenders on parole (Walshe S., 2015), a fact that works to show the effectiveness of the implementation of the parole and probation measures, as well as the significance of the program to the American society
Shock probation and shock parole are related concepts, and both are forms of alternative sentences. Empirical research does show that shock probation and shock parole "reduce incarceration and shorten the length of imprisonment," leading to desirable outcomes in the criminal justice system including reduced recidivism and cost savings (Scott, Dinitz & Shiclior, 2010, p
The board decreed that Van Houten could not request for bail until five years. In spite of the assertion of her defense team that Leslie was a mere gullible teen who Manson manipulated, prosecutors believed she actively and willingly took part in the August 1969 murder of affluent grocery owners Rosemary and Leno LaBianca (Walker, 2013)
She claimed that the best means to prove her remorse was by being the best possible individual, today. The parole official remarked unforgivingly, yet kindly (Waters, 2011), that she had has committed an unpardonable act, so escaping punishment was very difficult, near to impossible -- an assertion none can deny