1). Further, psychologist note that this attention to discrete substances and relationships means that "we arrive at generalizations about humanity, but we can lose sight of the human being we were looking at to begin with" -- the human being who makes things happen and who act within the world (Ash, Dreher & Hancock, 2006, p
Psychological Research Methods In order to fully understand the problems that such research methods can produce for researchers, one must first understand the basics of the traditional research model and the multicultural research model, respectively. Traditional psychological research has been involved primarily with trying to understand the various drives and motivations behind human actions (Cline, 2010, p
Drs. Louise Kidder and Michelle Fine note that mainstream psychology's traditional research practices can sometimes advance critical psychology's goals, as by quantifying the existence of inequality, yet narrowly-focused hypothesis-driven research often misses sources and consequences of injustice that open-ended qualitative methods are more likely to expose (Fine and Kidder, 1997, p
23). Author and psychologist Dennis Fox (2009) notes that "psychology's traditional practices and norms can hinder social justice, to the detriment of individuals and communities in general and of oppressed groups in particularly" (Fox, 2009, p
According to Walter J. Lonner, (2000) cross-cultural psychology can be thought of as a type of research methodology itself, rather than an entirely separate field within psychology, which can act as a bridge between a distinctly traditional method and this field (Lonner, 2000, p
In organizations where norms are not clearly established, employees are more likely to use their own personal norms as guidance. It has also been found that when employees believe the organization's norms are similar to their own, they have a higher commitment to the organization (Valentine & Barnett, 2003)
The underlying theory behind this is the ethical climate theory. The ethical climate is the "set of norms and conventions that are seen by organizational actors to exist within the structure and procedures of the organization" (Martin & Cullen, 2007)
Professional codes have the benefit of guiding behavior, which in concert with the communication raises the standard of morals, ethics and behavior among the group members. The criminological theory of social disorganization, for example, postulates that criminal behavior can derive from a lack of social norms (Cullen & Agnew, 2002)
The workers at the plant have adopted the ethical theory of negative utilitarianism. Their actions are driven by outcomes, but in this case they are focused on minimizing negative outcomes (Warburton, 1999)
Goffman is interested in examining society from the perspective of the individual rather than that of the collective - a very micro approach. "This book is about the organization of experience - something that an individual actor can take into his mind - and not about the organization of society" (Stones 351)
Likewise, the researchers operationalize the term "Form" to describe various observable, structural and linguistic aspects of the communication process (Yates & Orlikowski, 2008). Significance of the Study Because all organizations run on good communications (Day, Halpin & Zaccaro, 2004), the significance of the study by Yates and Orlikowski (2008) demonstrate that the types of framework (genre) that is established within an organization can be used to better understand how team members collaborate and formulate their solutions and achieve their collective goals in computer-mediated forums and other online collaborative media
14). Such genres are increasingly including a computer-mediated component (Dennis & Harris, 2002; Whittaker, 2004; Bell, Davis & Linn, 2004)
Conclusion Because a growing number of organizations are using alternative employment methods such as telecommuting (Zaccaro & Klimoski, 2001), many team members may not be able to meet on a regular face-to-face basis, but there are some valuable tools available that can facilitate the organizational communications process, including Team Room by Lotus Development Corporation. Implications for Professional Development Given the enormous amount of scare resources that are involved, it is vitally important for practitioners to keep abreast of changes in information technology that can help them do their jobs more efficiently and effectively (Hoctor & Thierauf, 2003)
¶ … Genre Systems: Structuring Interaction through Communicative Norms" by JoAnne Yates and Wanda Orlikowski (2008) Because all organizations are comprised of people, developing and sustaining effective organizational communications represent a timely enterprise for businesses of all sizes and types today (Miner, 2002)
This paper provides an analysis of this study, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study by Yates and Orlikowski (2008) was to provide support for the proposition that genre systems can provide insights concerning how teams develop habitual ways of communicating within organizations by empirically drawing on data from a field study of teams using Team Room, a collaborative application tool provided by Lotus Development Corporation (Yates & Orlikowski, 2008)
In addition, Yates and Orlikowski suggest that the use of Team Room by teams can help improve organizational communications in transformative ways, allowing for communications when and where team members prefer and producing a synergistic outcome that might not otherwise have been possible. Conclusion Because a growing number of organizations are using alternative employment methods such as telecommuting (Zaccaro & Klimoski, 2001), many team members may not be able to meet on a regular face-to-face basis, but there are some valuable tools available that can facilitate the organizational communications process, including Team Room by Lotus Development Corporation
This paper provides an analysis of this study, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study by Yates and Orlikowski (2008) was to provide support for the proposition that genre systems can provide insights concerning how teams develop habitual ways of communicating within organizations by empirically drawing on data from a field study of teams using Team Room, a collaborative application tool provided by Lotus Development Corporation (Yates & Orlikowski, 2008)
A number of assumptions are important to the construction of norms. The characteristic being measured must accommodate the ordering of individuals from low to high along an asymmetrical continuum that should at least be ordinal (Angoff, 1984)
The authors concluded that, "Comparisons between diagnostic interpretations made using foreign normative data vs. those using current local data demonstrates that it is imperative to use appropriately stratified normative data to guard against misinterpreting performance" (Ferrett, et al
(1992) conducted a major revision and re-standardization of the popular Denver Developmental Screening Test. Specific items and some features were a concern to test users and, since the issues had been raised over several years, the test was changed after 23 years running (Frankeburg, et al