By the final stage (6) of Level III, the individual strives to consider even more abstract questions about the basis of laws and the respective balance between concepts such as individual autonomous rights and the various conceptual and theoretical justifications and limitations of the right of society to dictate individual behavior (Crain, 1985; Pinker, 2002). Not all individuals necessarily ever reach stage 6, mainly because the intellectual processes involved are highly dependent on abstract forms of intelligence such as logical reasoning that are not shared by everyone equally (Pinker, 2002)
Level two, the "conventional" level, is made up of stage 3, "good boy/girl," and stage 4, "law and order." The third and final level, or the "post-conventional" level, encompasses stage 5, "social contract," and stage six, "principled conscience" (Barger 2000)
Most people stay in this stage -- a stage that has to do with wanting to get the approval of others and wanting to abide by the law and respond to one's obligations or duties (2000). "…most people are at the conventional level because the post-conventional level requires an uncommon commitment and contemplation" (Bowman, West & Beck 2010)
S. government, the official morality, requires fifth stage moral reasoning (Lewis & Gilman 2005)
Now the emphasis is on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing one's duties so that the social order is maintained." (Crain, p
Nicoletti as the ringleader of a cabal of correctional officers who preyed on inmates who were incarcerated for sexual crimes, were gay or transgendered or wouldn't go along with their activities." (Lord, p
Physical aggression included hostile behaviors such as hitting and pulling hair that resulted in pain or injury inflicted onto another person or self. Verbal aggression was defined as any act of hostile behavior using threats, name-calling, or obscenities to provoke another person (Day, 1998)
Violence is a physical statement that the perpetrator fails to recognize the boundaries of human decency and human respect. In the area of violence and aggression studies have shown that there is a gender difference (Livock, 1995)
How such development should be achieved, however, is much more problematic and even controversial. A little less than 20 years ago I encountered a fact that was surprising at the time (Zern