All it wishes is to live freely and independently, that each nation shall make its own destiny, exploit the riches of her soil for the benefit of her own children, and respect the independence of other nations be they eastern or western." (Karpat 1982, 23) An assessment of state formation 'must attend to the precise matrix from which [it] was launched' (Bromley 1994, 45) (yet it is evident that the British failed to appreciate this
Nasser's goal was the restoration of the Arab nation under Egyptian leadership and an end to foreign influence in the area. The nationalization of Suez was the first time that a Third World country had successfully regained one of its major foreign-owned assets (Carlton 1989) (McIntyre 1998)
The fickleness of the British position is exemplified by their later coercion of King Farouk (1936-52) to appoint an enfeebled Wafd government due to their need for a neutral Egypt during the Second World War. This intense irony does not detract from the fact that the monarchs in Egypt and Iraq were very powerful political actors but were 'so closely associated with the structures of colonialization that they did not outlast them' (Owen 1992, 19)
Substantiation of this can be seen in the proto-nationalist revolts of 1919 and 1920 in Egypt and Iraq respectively. Opposition parties were united in the demands for total independence and, as 'ideologies arise in conditions of crisis' (Salem
They tried to build up the productivity of their colonies, and this resulted in the colonized people challenging imperial rule. Springhall argues that, 'rapid urbanization plus social and political mobilization were behind the ideology of anti-colonial nationalism' (Springhall 2001, 8)
Similarly, the first Iraqi elections results conferred power to tribal shaykhs, aghast and old notables (Haj 1997, 82), almost exclusively Sunni Arabs, which set a precedent for all preceding elections, where members of the assembly were chosen bi-il-tazkiya (unopposed). This contributes to the volatility of the regime due to the minority position, in sectarian terms, of those in power (Tripp 2002, 31)
Similarly, the first Iraqi elections results conferred power to tribal shaykhs, aghast and old notables (Haj 1997, 82), almost exclusively Sunni Arabs, which set a precedent for all preceding elections, where members of the assembly were chosen bi-il-tazkiya (unopposed). This contributes to the volatility of the regime due to the minority position, in sectarian terms, of those in power (Tripp 2002, 31)
The intrinsic conflict that rendered this process problematic can be summarized by Cromer, who states that the colonizers were; 'striving to attain two ideals, which are apt to be mutually destructive -- the ideal of good government, which connotes the continuance of his [English] supremacy, and the ideal of self-government, which connotes the whole or partial abdication of his supreme position.' (Wilson 1931, 72) While purporting to be installing a system politically superior to its predecessor, the British fail to cultivate any notion of political freedom, rights of the individual or mass representation that are traditionally linked with Western liberal democracy (Haj 1997, 81)
For example, the role of the military in overthrowing successive governments is a feature that appears repeatedly in both Egypt and Iraq. The 'compulsory model' (Zubaida 1993, 121) of the nation-state assumes that the cultures of Egypt and Iraq are essentially the same as those in Western Europe, which hinders the possibilities of their own political evolution
When attempting to motivate greater workforce diversity in the Middle East, there are some significant cultural barriers that need to be overcome. Researchers have noted that traditional Islamic law and culture remains a significant problem inhibiting true economic progress and expansion in many Middle Eastern countries, in part due to the very closed culture that this creates in terms of ethnic background and religious and ethical beliefs and perspectives (Kuran 2004)
The interactions of these various elements make for a cyclical relationship, where encouraging greater diversity in interpersonal relationships allows for greater achievement and power to be obtained by culturally diverse workforce members, which leads to greater diversity in the workplace generally and thus greater diversity in interpersonal relationships, etc. (Pollit 2006)
Taking the framework proposed by McLellan and this knowledge regarding Middle East cultural barriers to diversity into account, it is clear that those capable of increasing workplace diversity need to be motivated by tying affiliation, achievement, and power to things outside of traditional Middle Eastern culture and expectations. A particular case study of Iran, which has had particular problems not only attracting workers with greater levels of diversity but has also struggled to retain its own native skilled and knowledgeable workers, shows that attracting a diversity of talent in the country is best achieved by a relaxation of cultural mandates, and by an encouragement of individual achievement and the ability to attain greater levels of power (Soltani et al
The empire was dissolved during a decade, from 1908 and until 1918, with Arabs entering the modern era as members of a series of states expanding across the Greater Middle East / Gulf region. "Instead of permitting Arab unity, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, which promised a homeland for the Jews in Palestine, and the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which led to the partitioning of geographical Syria into British and French spheres of control" (Barakat 6)
The problem, of course, is complex. It is a combination of overuse of potable water from rivers and lakes; polluting rivers and lakes to where the water is wasted; deforestation which changes the climate and landscape and is unable to hold water, and climate change from greenhouse gases that warm already arid areas to where the deserts are gaining ground (Barlow 2008)
The Gaia Concept - Too, taking the Gaia concept a bit further, if we look upon the world as a Global Village, with some areas that have plenty of water, and other places that are continually experiencing a shortage. In fact, the problem is so great, that the World Health Organization estimates that 1/6th of the world lacks access to potable water, and at any given time, 50% of humans have one of the six main diseases (diarrhea, schistosomiasis, trachoma, infestation with ascaris, guinea work or hookworm) (Briscoe, Postel and de Villiers)
And, while the resource remains undervalued by some, it is becoming all the more precious. It's not necessarily that the world is running out of water, it is running out of water in the places where it is needed most (DeVillers 2001)
" Interruptions of any aspect of the cycle have negative effects that multiply in seriousness as they progress through the cycle. Nature's filtration system, along with the balance between the large mega-forests and weather, kept the relationship between potable water and human life viable (Lovelock 2000)
1 -- Critical Factors- Clearly, the most critical factor that has contributed to this water shortage has been the combination of population growth, rapid economic development without a care for soil, the environment, or the ecology of the land, and over-use of land for farming and grazing to where it is no longer fit for cultivation. However, the technology exists to turn this around, the impetus is there, and with the new Global Economy so much in the forefront, it is time that the nations of the world cooperated before this precious resource is gone, and the resulting consequences damming to humanity (Shiva 2002)
Once you apply these figures to the strong demand that is being seen in these figures, they are showing how the sector has a low amount of risk in comparison with other asset classes. (Alexandria Real Estate 2010) The Sharp Rations Index is a measure of excess returns that can be achieved in a particular asset class
Evidence of this can be seen with over 600,000 marriages per year in Egypt, where this is fueling the strong demand for properties. As young Egyptian couples, are purchasing a house just before or at the time of an expected marriage (Egypt Property 2010)