Women have been cast as doctors, teachers, policewomen, and even heroines; in this sense, the spectrum of parts which are available to them has increased considerably with women now being able to play any character that was, in the past, restricted to male actors. Both movie producers, and advertisers have realized that the image of the "pretty housewife" (Gauntlett 57) is no longer relevant in today's society; instead, they have built strong and coherent female characters which reflect current gender societal relations
In fact, it was during this period that the new technology of the rotary press was developed; this led to an unprecedented increase in mass audiences. Also, urbanization and industrialization had generated a society that was volatile and unstable, as well as alienated and susceptible to manipulation (Gurevitch, Bennett, Curran, and Woollacott 11)
News, like any other media product, must be sold. In this sense, one can argue that the commercial imperative is stronger than the need of commercial media corporations to present reality in a thorough and critical manner (Marger 448)
These demands often lead to an oversimplification of media content which becomes stereotyped which could generate an improper process of socialization, one based on "learning inaccurate, slanted representations of societal values." (Perse 56) Mass communication is centered on the idea of profit
They did this because it benefited them, was easier for them and protected what they valued most -- the football program. Could former Nittany Lions coach Joe Paterno have stopped Sandusky? 'It's a very strong and reasonable inference that he could have done so if he had wished,' Freeh said'" (Engel, 2012)
The media can also shed light on how certain scandals have a degree of ubiquitousness and can impose pressure for cultural change upon other institutions. As some journalists have brought up, this scandal is evocative of the scandal with the Catholic Church and demonstrates how a marked upheaval in the way universities and institutions are conducted (Hamilton, 2012)
"The NCAA on Monday hit Penn State with a $60 million fine, banned the football team from bowl games for four years and vacated all of its wins from 1998 to 2011 in the wake of the university's child sex abuse scandal…All of Penn State's victories from 1998 through 2011 will be vacated. Coach Joe Paterno's record will reflect the vacated victories, meaning he no longer will be recognized as the NCAA's all-time winningest coach" (Kane, 2012)
Some said they were assaulted in the basement of the Sandusky home. Others described soapy showers that included forced sex acts" (Muskal, 2012)
"It's difficult to look at the images of the Penn State University students performing pep rally chants and turning over a media van to protest Joe Paterno's firing and not think: Shame on us all. Shame on us for creating a culture where thousands of students are so caught up in idol worship that they can't see how repugnant it is to pine for a man who essentially looked the other way as serious allegations of rape and child abuse were leveled at his top aide" (Pierre, 2011)
This, therefore, has created a frenzy of information outlets, all of which are seeking to get the story out to the buying public first, making it more important than ever before for the consumer of the media products to intelligently assess the information for media bias, possible exaggerations, etc. These same consumers, however, also have a wider range of choices for their media, benefiting them, as they are not forced to settle for one media source, which in the past may have been owned by one individual, whose views and bias saturated the news reports (Campbell, et al
First, with media outlets being public in terms of ownership, they are managed day-to-day by paid employees, who ultimately are accountable to stockholders who of course are looking for return on investment, the emergence of competitors and the like. Therefore, the emphasis on attracting "paying customers" to a media resource, be it a newspaper, Website or television program, in some cases increases the quality of the information circulated, but in others causes news stories to be sensationalized to generate circulation dollars (Powers, 2005)
These behaviors not only put the present and future physical state of adolescents on an edge but also affect their education, weaken their employment prospects or lead them to delinquency. Studies and research reveal that adolescents' constantly increasing exposure to electronic media is one of the chief sources of the risk behaviors mentioned above (Escobar-Chaves & Anderson, 2008)
Similarly, video games can help in boosting and improving the spatial, logical and strategic planning skills. By playing video games, particular intellectual skills are shaped up and exercised especially in young boys (Gunter & McAleer, 1997, p
They can also reduce the negative effects of media on children by monitoring the programs they watch and restricting them from viewing adult-related content. It is also the duty of parents to inculcate the difference of fantasy and reality in their children's minds and question them time and again in order to check how their children perceive information received through mass media (Herrington & Emmans, 2002)
Mass Media Affects of Mass Media on Children Mass media can be defined as those channels of communication through which the messages are reached to a wider audience simultaneously (Kundanis, 2003, p
The mass media plays a distinguishing and unique role in shaping the identity and culture of children and young people. Not only this, it also affects their relationship and liaison with family, friends, school, and community (Livingstone & Bovill, 2001)
e. most of their time is spent in activities involving television, movies, radio, print media, computers and video games and last but not the least Internet (Roberts & Foehr, 2008)
66) Advertising that is to be regarded with suspicion (like cigarette and liquor advertising) seems very attractive to children. Such kind of advertising misleads and deceives the young minds as children seem especially inclined to it (Thomas & Carpenter, 1994, p
However, it is also to be remembered that mass media has been an advantageous tool in informing about the recent world events and educational programming. As every coin has two sides, mass media also have some negative and positive effects on the young minds of the contemporary age (Zillmann, Bryant, & Huston, 1994, p
In the same way, the TV shows are promoting a culture which surrounds the freedom of these younger generations, giving them the power to do what they want and not be questioned for any of their actions. This reckless kind of life is increasingly becoming the subject of the TV commercials, serials and movies and this creates an urge in the young generations especially the teenagers to go ahead leading an adventurous life where everything seems like a mystery to them and they fail to judge what reality is and how this will impact their future (Bell)