18). It exemplifies masculinity and maleness -- "competiveness, strength, aggressiveness, instrumentality, and often violence" (Schacht, 1996, p
Not being "feminine," that is thin, dainty, smooth, and so on, can take serious tolls on one's psychological well-being. Not being "healthy" can used as a signal by society of one's moral character and value as a person (Wright, O'Flynn, & Macdonald, 2006)
In relation to this, Lansing (1997) stated that the patriarchal nature of Italy is evidenced by the Florentine state dowry fund. Further, Brandes (1980) explained the sixth machismo phenomenon on the "exaggeration of male attributes, style and self-expression" (Brandes, 1980)
In order to plan mainstreaming policies and developments, the social utility of gender statistics must be recognised. CONCLUSIONS According to Foucault, the "challenge to sex divisions would not just come from biology and its medical or cosmetic alteration, but from the formation of relationships not structured by sexuality and gender" (Foucault, 1998)
In order to plan mainstreaming policies and developments, the social utility of gender statistics must be recognised. CONCLUSIONS According to Foucault, the "challenge to sex divisions would not just come from biology and its medical or cosmetic alteration, but from the formation of relationships not structured by sexuality and gender" (Foucault, 1998)
In order to plan mainstreaming policies and developments, the social utility of gender statistics must be recognised. CONCLUSIONS According to Foucault, the "challenge to sex divisions would not just come from biology and its medical or cosmetic alteration, but from the formation of relationships not structured by sexuality and gender" (Foucault, 1998)
All these machismo concepts, according to Haller, has always been viewed in Italy as a problem of rural lower class men to compensate their powerlessness in a culture dominated by upper class values, where autonomy and power are necessary conditions of masculinity (Haller, 1995). Gilmore (1987) said that much of these machismo issues has been approached mainly by Neofreudian theses that suggest that the "boy's identification" with the mother in cultures like Italy and other Southern European countries, where fathers are 'absent' in childrearing, makes the development of a male gender identity problematic (Gilmore, 1987)
The promotion of such idealisms occurs through cultural and social innovations that encourage gender oriented and specific tasks, and societies where women and men are categorized as feminine or masculine to begin with. Second to this, Haller identified the belief that "male honour and reputation is dependent on the ability to protect the virginity of daughters and furthermore to control social and sexual behavior of their female kin in general" (Haller, 1995)
Lansing (1997) believed that these unwritten laws on public domains and the restriction of the presence of women were ideas derived from theological understandings of original sin. He said that the lack of just order in society could be understood as the result of "concupiscence, sensual appetite resistant to reason" (Lansing, 1997)
Second to this, Haller identified the belief that "male honour and reputation is dependent on the ability to protect the virginity of daughters and furthermore to control social and sexual behavior of their female kin in general" (Haller, 1995). In relation to this, Lindisfarne (1994) cited the political effectiveness of this rhetoric "honour" "because it operates at a level of abstraction which hides classificatory ambiguities and alternative points-of-view, while empowering some fortunate man and women" (Lindisfarne, 1994)
The vast cultural changes, according to Passerini, happened at the same time when there were important developments in education -- the raising of the minimum school-leaving age to 14 (1962), the entry of increasing numbers of girls and women into secondary and higher education -- which were compressed into a relatively short period and occurred later compared with countries them" (Passerini, 1996). According to Mantini (2000), within the general elevation of higher education that distinguished Italy in the 1960s, women's access to higher education rose much more than men's, starting a trend which continued steadily through the 1970s and 1980s, when numbers of women entering higher education equalled those of men (Mantini, 2000)
The dependency of children and the autonomy of men generate conflict between fathers and sons when the latter begin to proclaim their own manliness; to overcome this conflict, there are several strategies, none of which is culturally ritualized. This lack of orientation leads the adolescents to expose hyper masculine behavior (Murphy 1983)
Italian Feminism The clamor for gender equality that spawned the early beginnings of Italian feminism in the 1960s-1970s is one of the most interesting facets in the nation's history due to "historically specific accumulation of contradictions," according to Passerini (1996). Rapid transformations were taking place in the country at that time, including changes in the economy, society, migration patterns, and employment rates (Passerini, 1996)
Throughout time Italy has become known as a distinct culture and society, promoting much idealism, manners of thinking and stereotypes even related to male and female roles within society. In Italy today, a stereotype exists regarding feminism; women are considered as maternal in nature and the traditional role of "wife and mother have predominated for years" (Rubin, 1998)
In an age when gender complementation and empowerment are continually gaining ground worldwide, these differences could only serve to perpetuate gender inequality in Italy - thus creating further basis for the feminism-masculinism dichotomy to persist. According to some, "the entrepreneurial culture and workplaces of commercial capitalism" have resulted in an institutionalized system of masculinity almost in countries like Italy, creating and "legitimating new forms of gendered work" and also power exchanges between the sexes (Segal, 1999)
The relationship which existed between masculinity and war can be clearly understood if it is viewed in a longer evolutionary perception. One can even challenge the inevitability of the assumptions by making comparison between the review of archeological evidence and ethnography (Gardiner, 2004)
The modern structure was designed so that visitors can see the work of their representatives by looking down from overhead galleries. The actual workings of the German government are characterized by local-national alliances, intricate compromises and bureaucratic inertia (Katzenstein 1987)
He stated about a strong relationship between war sand masculinity in his recent book. Practically this is an obvious claim which various meanings remain contentious (Goldstein 2001)
In the modern day, the term 'sex' is used to allude to erotic behaviors. It wasn't until the start of the twentieth century that the complete connotations of the terms were understood, especially the contemporary meanings (Williams, 1983, 283-86)
They believe that by bringing a clear distinction between culture and biology, it would be easier to study cultural concepts and determinants. Once biology is out of the question, we can study sexuality while keeping in mind history (Winter, 2001)